Hydrolysis and dehydration reactions of carbohydrates, which are used as energy raw materials by all living things in nature, are controlled by Carbohydrate Active Enzyme (CAZy) systems. These enzymes are also used in different industrial areas today. There are different types of microorganisms that have the CAZy system and are used in the industrial sector. Apart from current organisms, there are also rumen fungi within the group of candidate microorganisms with the CAZy system. It has been reported that xylanase (EC3.2.1.8 and EC3.2.1.37) enzyme, a member of the glycoside hydrolase enzyme family obtained from Trichoderma sp. and used especially in areas such as bread, paper, and feed industry, is more synthesized in rumen fungi such as Orpinomyces sp. and Neocallimastix sp. Therefore, this study reviews Neocallimastixsp., Orpinomyces sp., Caecomyces sp., Piromyces sp., and Anaeromyces sp., registered in the CAZy and Mycocosm database for rumen fungi to have both CAZy enzyme activity and to be an alternative microorganism in the industry. Furthermore the CAZy enzyme activities of the strains are investigated. The review shows thatNeocallimax sp. and Orpinomyces sp. areconsidered as candidate microorganisms.
This study was aimed to determine the in-vitro optimum conditions of xylanase enzyme activity produced by Orpinomyces sp. and Neocallimastix sp. In the study, xylanase enzyme activity was investigated in terms of extracellular and intracellular total activity (TA) and specific activity (SA) levels at different time (day), pH and temperature levels. Orpinomyces sp. and Neocallimastix sp. when different days (time) were considered in terms of xylanase enzyme activity of fungi species, it was determined that there was a statistically significant positive correlation between TA=0.732 and SA=0.546 (p<0.01). It was determined that there was a statistically positive and significant relationship between TA=0.622 and SA= 0.520 at different pH levels. This situation differs in terms of temperature levels. It was determined that there was a statistically negative significant relationship between genders and SA=-0.354 (p<0.05). In this study, it is thought to contribute by determining the optimum conditions in in-vitro and industrial uses.
Rumen, main compartment of the stomach of ruminant herbivores, have a low redox potential and anaerobic ecosystem in where various microbial populations inhabit, such as bacteria, anaerobic gut fungi (AGF), protozoa and archaea. These microbial groups have a symbiotic life whilist both synergetic releationship and inhibition of some activities could be observed when they are cultured as mixture. Relatively higher enzyme activities of the AGF is well documented although our knowledge about the possible effects of coculturing with lactic acid bacteria on their enzyme activity is still limited. In current work, AGF Neocallimastix GMLF11 was cocultured with Enterecoccus sp and Bifidobacterium sp separately and its enzyme activities (inulinase and sucrase) were determined at 45 oC after 24, 36 and 48 hours incubation periods. The highest supernatant specific sucrase (EC 3.2.1.48) activity of Neocallimastix GMLF11 and Enterecoccus sp coculture was determined as 21,4 mol/min/mg/ml protein for 36h incubation while cell associated specific sucrase activity of same mixture was observed as 22,4 mol/min/mg/ml protein for 48 h incubation. Neocallimastix GMLF11 and Bifidobacterium sp coculture showed the highest cell associated specific sucrase activity at 48h incubation as 22,4 mol/min/mg/ml protein, whilst that activity was determined as 24,6 mol/min/mg/ml protein for supernatant samples at the end of 24h incubation period. The highest cell associated and supernatant specific activities of pure culture of Neocallimastix sp was 8 and 12,3 mol/min/mg/ml respectively. Axenic cultures of Enterecoccus sp and Bifidobacterium sp showed 20,7 and 21 mol/min/mg/ml protein supernatant enzyme activity respectively, while cell associated specific activities of that cultures were calculated as 15,9 and 17,6 mol/min/mg/ml protein respectively. These results suggest that enzyme activities of these microbial groups are remarkably induced when they were grown in coculture.
Honey bees are a very important species in terms of economy, agriculture, and environment. In recent years, there has been a significant reduction in honey bee colonies in some parts of the world. Honeybee losses are not an unusual event, but there has been a significant reduction in honey bee colonies in many countries around the world. Due to the different social behaviors of honey bees, it is difficult to identify the main factors causing colony losses. According to the latest research, colony losses are mainly caused by parasites, diseases, bee keeping practices, and bee management including reproduction, changes in climatic conditions, agricultural practices and pesticide use, pesticides, nutrition, and beekeeping practices. In this review, the structure of prebiotic, probiotic, climate change, and vitollegen, which causes colony losses, is emphasized, and the potential solutions of these factors that will shed light on colony losses in honey bees from a different point of view are emphasized. In addition, bibliometric analysis was performed using the SCOPUS database to emphasize the importance of probiotic microorganisms and vitellogen.
Bal arıları (Apis mellifera) bal, polen, arısütü, propolis, bal mumu ve arı zehiri gibi ürünleri üreten ve birçok doğal ve endüstriyel bitkinin tozlaşmasında vektör işlevi gören eşsiz bir süper organizmadır. Son zamanlarda meydana gelen koloni kayıpları sebepleri arasında bağırsak mikroflorasının etkisi ve buna bağlı olarak bağışıklık sistemi ön plana çıkmaktadır. Arıların sindirim tüpünde bulunan bakterilerin çeşitliliği ve yoğunlukları sonucu bağışıklık sistemleri etkilenebilmektedir. Bu etkinin olumlu yönde olabilmesi için bağırsak mikroflorasının doğal ve dengeli olması gerekmektedir. Bağırsakta bulunan bakteri popülasyonları arasında önemli bir yere sahip olan probiyotik kökenli Bifidobacterium sp.’nin sahip olduğu enzim aktivitesi hem diğer simbiyont mikroorganizmalar üzerinde hem de konakçının beslenmesinde kritik bir etkiye sahiptir. Bundan dolayı bu çalışmamızda Bifidobacterium sp.’nin önemini vurgulamak için enzim aktivitesi ve bibliyometrik analizler yapılmıştır. Optimum glikozit hidrolaz enzim aktivitesinin hesaplanması için farklı pH, sıcaklık ve substratlar tercih edilmiştir. Enzim aktivitesinin analizi sonucu Bifidobacterium sp.’nin glikozit hidrolaz etkinliği (pH 5.0 ve 30oC) tespit edilmiştir. İnülin substratının daha fazla kullanılması probiyotik Bifidobacterium sp. için doğal prebiyotik kaynağı olduğunu göstermiştir. Aynı zamanda yeni nesil prebiyotik kaynağı olarak bilinen ksilanın hidrolizi de gerçekleşmiştir. Bibliyometrik analiz için Web Of Science ile Scopus veri tabanındaki korelasyon bağlantıları VOS viewer yazılımı yardımıyla sonuçlandırılmıştır.
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