Complex design problems require more knowledge than any single person possesses because the knowledge relevant to a problem is usually distributed among stakeholders. Bringing different and often controversial points of view together to create a shared understanding among these stakeholders can lead to new insights, new ideas, and new artifacts. New media that allow owners of problems to contribute to framing and resolving complex design problems can extend the power of the individual human mind. Based on our past work and study of other approaches, systems, and collaborative and participatory processes, this article identifies challenges we see as the limiting factors for future collaborative human-computer systems. The Envisionment and Discovery Collaboratory (EDC) is introduced as an integrated physical and computational environment addressing some of these challenges. The vision behind the EDC shifts future development away from the computer as the focal point, toward an emphasis that tries to improve our understanding of the human, social, and cultural system that creates the context for use. This work is based on new conceptual principles that include creating shared understanding among various stakeholders, contextualizing information to the task at hand, and creating objects to think with in collaborative design activities. Although the EDC framework is applicable to different domains; our initial effort has focused on the domain of urban planning (specifically transportation planning) and community development. Permission to make digital / hard copy of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that the copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage, the copyright notice, the title of the publication, and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of the ACM, Inc. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers, or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and / or a fee. Categories and INTRODUCTIONHuman-computer interaction (HCI) research over the last 20 years has made fundamental contributions to the creation of new paradigms and new forms of working, learning, and collaborating in the information age. Its major emphasis has been to develop new technologies (e.g., at the hardware, basic software, and application levels), new interaction techniques (e.g., graphical user interfaces), and new design approaches (e.g., usercentered, human-centered, work-oriented, and learner-centered design). Much of this research has emphasized and pioneered socio-technical approaches. In the process, HCI work has progressed from early concerns with low-level computer issues to a focus on people's tasks [Myers 1998;Newell and Card 1985;Norman 1990]. The greatest progress in HCI research has been made at the operator and task level, where events are studied in time scales ranging from microseconds to minutes (and in some cases hours or days). At these time scales, the relevant theory is drawn from psychology ...
Frequently, the design of interactive systems focuses exclusively on the capabilities provided by the dynamic nature of computational media. Yet our have provided many examples in which physical models provide certain strengths not found in computatiotxd models. Rather than viewing this as a dichotomy-where one must choose between one or the other-we are exploring the creation of computational environments that build on the strengths of combined physical and virtual approaches.Over the last decade, we have developed different design environments to support stakeholders engaged in design processes by enhancing communication, facilitating shared understanding, and creating better artifacts. Until a few years ago, our work explored physical and computational media separately.In this papw we present our efforts to develop integrated design environments linking physical and computational dimensions to attain the complementary synergies that these two worlds offer. Our purpose behind this integration is the development of systems that can enhance the movement horn conceptual thinking to concrete representations using facebface interaction to promote the negotiation of meaning, the direct interaction with artifacts, and the possibility that diverse stakeholders can participate fully in the process of design. To this end, we analyze the strengths, affordances, weaknesses, ad limitations of the two media used separately and illustrate with our most recent work the value edded by integrating these environments.Keyworde new design methods, integration of different design medi% participatory design, symmetry of ignorance, domainoriented design environments, shared understanding Permission to make digital/hard copy of part or all this work for personal or claasroom use ia granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage, the copyright notice, the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of ACM, Inc. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers, or to redistribute to Iista, requires prior specific permission andlor a fee. DIS '
Abstract. Unsustainable energy consumption is a systemic problem facing society that requires technical and social innovations and changes. We argue for understanding and using end-user developments as not just another design principle but as a socio-technical intervention to help people make better decisions as they work to solve such systemic problems. We further explore two established EUD frameworks, Meta-Design and Cultures of Participation, to design systems for one such systemic problem: the energy domain. We present the draft for a system that incorporates principles from these frameworks to inform, motivate, and involve end-users in reducing their energy consumption.
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