Purpose This paper aims—based on past research works which have shown that transformational leadership has positive impact on knowledge sharing—to explore the impact of different leadership dimensions of transformational leadership on knowledge sharing and further to explore the mechanism through which transformational leadership affects employee knowledge sharing in China. Design/methodology/approach Based on the transformational leadership theory and the team learning theory, it is proposed that all four dimensions of transformational leadership, including intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration, inspirational motivation and idealized influence, have unique impact on employee knowledge sharing. It is further proposed that psychology safety and team efficacy mediate these relationships. Then data were collected from over 400 employees from knowledge-based companies in China to empirically test the proposed relationships with the method of structural equation modeling. Findings The results show that psychological safety fully mediated the impact of intellectual stimulation on knowledge sharing, and team efficacy fully mediated the impact of inspirational motivation on knowledge sharing. Both factors also mediated the impact of individualized consideration on knowledge sharing. The results thus provide empirical support for the impact of transformational leadership on employee knowledge sharing in an international context. Originality/value The past years have seen increasing interest in leadership and knowledge sharing in emerging markets, yet the mechanism through which leadership affects employee knowledge sharing remains understudied. This study explores the impact of different dimensions of transformational leadership on employee knowledge sharing, and further shows that psychological safety and team efficacy mediate these relationships in a collectivistic society where knowledge sharing is consistent with cultural norms. The findings help develop more robust knowledge sharing theories in the international context and provide insightful suggestions for management practitioners in emerging markets.
Water-in-salt" (WIS) electrolytes with wide electrochemical stability windows (ESWs) have made a breakthrough in energy density of aqueous batteries and supercapacitors (SCs), but the sluggish ion diffusion limits their widespread application. Although the ion diffusion of WIS electrolytes can be improved by the addition of organic co-solvents, the effects of types and amounts of added organic solvents on the physicochemical properties of hybrid electrolytes are not clear. Here, the conductivity, ESW, and flammability of a series of hybrid electrolytes prepared by adding different organic solvents to a typical lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI)-based WIS electrolyte are systematically studied. The results show that acetonitrile (ACN) is the best one to improve ion diffusion while maintaining high-level safety and wide ESW. Furthermore, a ternary phase diagram of LiTFSI/H 2 O/ACN is drawn to comprehensively show the relationship among the conductivity, flammability, and solubility of the hybrid electrolytes. According to the guidance of this phase diagram, an optimal hybrid electrolyte (LiTFSI/H 2 O/(ACN) 3.5 ) is obtained, and the carbon-based symmetric SC using such hybrid electrolyte is able to fully work at 2.4 V with superior rate capability and excellent cycling stability over 40 000 cycles.
Single-crystal beta-MnO(2) nanotubes with diameters in the range 200-500 nm and lengths up to several micrometers were successfully prepared by a simple hydrothermal method through oxidizing MnSO(4) with NaClO(3) in the presence of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP). It was found that the formation process of beta-MnO(2) nanotubes included two primary evolution stages over time: (1) the MnOOH nanoparticles initially formed in the hydrothermal system and anisotropic growth to nanorods and nanorod aggregates, and (2) the MnOOH nanorods transformed into beta-MnO(2) tubular structure and grown into beta-MnO(2) nanotubes due to continuous growth through a dissolution-recrystallization process eventually. Based on a series of experimental analysis, the formation mechanism of these nanostructures was discussed briefly. The present study has enlarged the family of nanotubes available and offers a possible new, general route to one-dimensional single-crystalline nanotubes of other materials.
Cu(OH)2 nanowires have been successfully synthesized at the organic−aqueous interface by the interaction of the copper−bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate complex in the organic layer with NaOH in aqueous layer. The nanowires have an average length of 4 μm and are several nanometers in width. CuO nanowires and short wiskers are conveniently prepared through dehydration of Cu(OH)2 at high concentrations of NaOH under ambient conditions. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques have been used to characterize the microstructures and morphologies of the nanowire materials.
Copper vanadate nanobelts were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal process and used for the electrochemical determination of ascorbic acid.
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