Nosiheptide (NOS), belonging to the e series of thiopeptide antibiotics that exhibit potent activity against various bacterial pathogens, bears a unique indole side ring system and regiospecific hydroxyl groups on the characteristic macrocyclic core. Here, cloning, sequencing and characterization of the nos gene cluster from Streptomyces actuosus ATCC 25421 as a model for this series of thiopeptides has unveiled new insights into their biosynthesis. Bioinformatics-based sequence analysis and in vivo investigation into the gene functions show that NOS biosynthesis shares a common strategy with recently characterized b or c series thiopeptides for forming the characteristic macrocyclic core, which features a ribosomally synthesized precursor peptide with conserved posttranslational modifications. However, it apparently proceeds via a different route for tailoring the thiopeptide framework, allowing the final product to exhibit the distinct structural characteristics of e series thiopeptides, such as the indole side ring system. Chemical complementation supports the notion that the S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet)-dependent protein NosL may play a central role in converting Trp to the key 3-methylindole moiety by an unusual carbon side chain rearrangement, most likely via a radical-initiated mechanism. Characterization of the indole side ring-opened analog of NOS from the nosN mutant strain is consistent with the proposed methyltransferase activity of its encoded protein, shedding light into the timing of the individual steps for indole side ring biosynthesis. These results also suggest the feasibility of engineering novel thiopeptides for drug discovery by manipulating the NOS biosynthetic machinery.Thiopeptides are a growing class of sulfur-rich, highly modified heterocyclic peptides (1). Despite overall structural diversity, they share a characteristic macrocyclic core, consisting of a nitrogen-containing, 6-membered ring central to multiple thiazoles and dehydroamino acids (Figure 1). Nosiheptide-like members, classified as e series thiopeptides according to a central 2,3,5,6-tetrasubstituted pyridine domain, possess an indolic acid ring system that is appended to the side chains of the Ser/Cys and hydroxylated Glu residues of the macrocyclic core via at least two carboxylic ester linkages (e.g. O-and S-linkages for nosiheptide, and two O-linkages * To whom correspondence should be addressed: Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Rd., Shanghai, 200032, China. Wen Liu, wliu@mail.sioc.ac.cn, Tel: 86-21-54925111, Fax: 86-21-64166128. Supporting Information Available: This material is available free of charge via the internet at http://pubs.acs.org.Nucleotide Sequence Accession Number: The sequence reported in this paper has been deposited in GenBank under the accession number FJ438820. Nosiheptide (NOS), produced by Streptomyces actuosus ATCC 25421, is one of the oldest known thiopeptides and has been widely used as a feed additive for animal growth (9,10). The str...

Summary Thiopeptides, with potent activity against various drug-resistant pathogens, contain a characteristic macrocyclic core consisting of multiple thiazoles, dehydroamino acids, and a 6-membered nitrogen heterocycle. Their biosynthetic pathways remain elusive in spite of great efforts by in vivo feeding experiments. Here, cloning, sequencing and characterization of the thiostrepton and siomycin A gene clusters unveiled a new biosynthetic paradigm for the thiopeptide specific core formation, featuring ribosomally synthesized precursor peptides and conserved posttranslational modifications. The paradigm generality for thiopeptide biosynthesis was supported by genome mining and ultimate confirmation of the thiocillin I production in Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579, a strain that was previously unknown as a thiopeptide producer. These findings set the stage to accelerate the discovery of novel thiopeptides by prediction at the genetic level and to generate structural diversity by applying combinatorial biosynthesis methods.

Characterization of the biosynthetic gene cluster of glycosylated antibiotic nocathiacin I (NOC-I) here adds new insights to thiopeptide biosynthesis, showing the NOC-specific tailoring and unusual sugar formation. NOC-I biosynthesis shares the paradigm for forming a common thiopeptide core and the generality for converting to an e series member, as that of the parent compound nosiheptide (NOS). This may permit the production of NOC-I in the genetically amenable, NOS-producing strain by building NOC-specific genes for pathway engineering.