To compare electronically monitored (MEMS) with self-reported adherence in drug users, including the impact of adherence on HIV load, we conducted a 6-month observational study of 67 antiretroviral-experienced current and former drug users. Adherence (percentage of doses taken as prescribed) was calculated for both the day and the week preceding each of 6 research visits. Mean self-reported 1-day adherence was 79% (median, 86%), and mean self-reported 1-week adherence was 78% (median, 85%). Mean MEMS 1-day adherence was 57% (median, 52%), and mean MEMS 1-week adherence was 53% (median, 49%). One-day and 1-week estimates were highly correlated (r>.8 for both measures). Both self-reported and MEMS adherence were correlated with concurrent HIV load (r=.43-.60), but the likelihood of achieving virologic suppression was greater if MEMS adherence was high than if self-reported adherence was high. We conclude that self-reported adherence is higher than MEMS adherence, but a strong relationship exists between both measures and virus load. However, electronic monitoring is more sensitive than self-report for the detection of nonadherence and should be used in adherence intervention studies.

The MIS provides efficient, reliable, and valid screening for AD and other dementias.

We examined effects of eye position on auditory cortical responses in macaques. Laminar current-source density (CSD) and multiunit activity (MUA) profiles were sampled with linear array multielectrodes. Eye position significantly modulated auditory-evoked CSD amplitude in 24/29 penetrations (83%), across A1 and belt regions; 4/24 cases also showed significant MUA AM. Eye-position effects occurred mainly in the supragranular laminae and lagged the co-located auditory response by, on average, 38 ms. Effects in A1 and belt regions were indistinguishable in amplitude, laminar profile, and latency. The timing and laminar profile of the eye-position effects suggest that they are not combined with auditory signals at a subcortical stage of the lemniscal auditory pathways and simply "fed-forward" into cortex. Rather, these effects may be conveyed to auditory cortex by feedback projections from parietal or frontal cortices, or alternatively, they may be conveyed by nonclassical feedforward projections through auditory koniocellular (calbindin positive) neurons.

ABSTRACT. Objective. Pediatricians have a unique role to play in the antismoking arena. However, few pediatric residency training programs prepare residents to meet the tobacco challenge. This study evaluates the effects of a comprehensive pediatric residency training program on tobacco on resident tobacco intervention behaviors, as well as on changes in the behavior of patients and their parents/guardians.Methods. Pediatric residents were exposed to a comprehensive training program on tobacco. Baseline and follow-up surveys of residents, parents/guardians, and patients were used to assess the effects of the training program. A quasi-experimental design permitted unambiguous evaluation of the program's effects on resident intervention behaviors.Results. The comprehensive training program on tobacco led to marked and significant changes in resident intervention on tobacco. Many of these changes were supported by parents' and patients' reports. In turn, resident intervention on tobacco led to a significant increase in the likelihood that parents would maintain a "smokefree household." Significant changes in the prevalence of parental smoking were not found, although the trend during 3 years of follow-up was in the desired direction. A high proportion of residents reported that they intervened on tobacco in patients at baseline and follow-up, but too few patients were sampled to permit analysis of the impact on changes in smoking.Conclusions. Comprehensive training on tobacco had a positive and powerful effect on the tobacco intervention behavior of pediatric residents. In turn, intervention on tobacco by pediatric residents may have a significant impact on patients and their parents. These findings underscore the efficacy of pediatric residency training on tobacco, and it is hoped that they will serve as an impetus for other pediatric residency programs to introduce training on tobacco. Pediatrics 2001;108(1). URL: http://www. pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/108/1/e8; tobacco control and prevention, cigarette smoking, environmental tobacco smoke, residency training.