This study was conducted to evaluate different doses of two species of Bacillus (Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis), on growth parameters, chemical composition of fish, activity of liver, and digestive enzymes of Asian sea bass. During 8 weeks, juvenile Asian sea bass received diets supplemented with 1 × 10, 1 × 10, and 1 × 10 CFU g probiotic in addition to a control diet without added microorganisms. At the end of the trial, growth indices (total weight, total length, specific growth rate, total weight gain, food conversion ratio, and condition factor), body composition (crude protein, crude lipid, ash, and dry matter), digestive enzymes (protease, lipase, and amylase), liver enzymes [aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP)], immunologic indicators (lysozyme), and hematological parameters [hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs)] were assessed. Asian sea bass receiving diets supplemented with probiotic Bacillus (Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis) showed significantly better growth than those fed the basal diet (control). Regarding body composition, total protein levels and dry matter were higher and lipid levels were lower in fish fed the diet containing 1 × 10 CFU g probiotic compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Digestive enzymes (protease, lipase, and amylase) and hematological parameters (RBC, WBC, and Hb) were all highest in fish fed diet supplemented with 1 × 10 CFU g probiotic Bacillus. Also, liver enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP) were lower in fish fed diet supplemented with 1 × 10 CFU g probiotic Bacillus. Being that supplementation of 1 × 10 CFU g of Bacillus in the diet is the dose which delivers the best results.
In this research enzymatic hydrolysis of rice bran protein concentrate (RBPC) and soybean Protein (SBP) as control were studied with 3 commercial enzymes (Alcalase®, Papain and acommercial 3-enzyme cocktail containing of 1.6 mg ml − 1 Trypsin, 3.1 mg mlChymotrypsin, 1.3 mg ml −1 Aminopeptidase (SIGMA P7500) and 7.95 mg ml −1 pronase type XIV (SIGMA P5147) by the pH stat method. The hydrolysis was carried out at temperature of 28 C, 60 min and pH 8.00. Results were showed that RBPC, and SBP had higher Degree h y d r o l y s i s ( D H % ) w i t h A l c a l a s e ® e n z y m e . Alcalase®had stronger capability for hydrolysis compared to the other tested enzymes. After 60 minute of hydrolysis time, the DH% of Alcalase® for RBPC and SBP was 12.69 and 12.50 %, respectively. In contrast, papain enzyme was showed lowest DH% in three substrates that 1.56 and 1.24 % were for SBP and RBPC, respectively.The hydrolysis of the protein fraction performed the three enzymes on the two substrates was followed in SDS-PAGE. RBPC and SBP showed almost complete digestion with Alcalase® enzyme after 60 minutes. 3-enzyme cocktail enzyme hydrolyzed better the RBPC than the SBP. Papain enzyme had less effect on the two substrates than other 2 enzymes. It was found that Alcalase® has highest capability for hydrolysis compared to other enzyme preparations. The high value protein hydrolysates prepared by Alcalase® can be used as value added ingredients in many food formulations. They are also suitable for a broad range of industrial food applications and also for cosmetic and personal care products.
Anaesthetic efficacy of eugenol was investigated on Flowerhorn (Amphilophus labiatus 9 Amphilophus trimaculatus). A total of 104 fish with average weights of 12 AE 2.5, 28 AE 5 and 53 AE 5.1 g were subjected to 25-200 mg L À1 eugenol and behavioural responses as well as induction and recovery times were recorded. Induction and recovery times were significantly affected by eugenol concentration as well as fish weight (P < 0.05). Generally, 49.9-127.3 s after exposure to 50-200 mg L À1 eugenol, fish reached stage 3 anaesthesia (suitable for general handling). Fish entered stage 4 anaesthesia (suitable for surgery and blood sampling) over 57.3-140.4 s post exposure to such concentrations. Recovery time was 91.7-312 s in all weight classes for all eugenol concentrations. Mortality (23%) was only observed in 12-g fish when were subjected to 200 mg L À1 eugenol. This study showed the behavioural response of Flowerhorn to anaesthesia and eugenol efficacy as an anaesthetic in this important ornamental species. The general quadratic equation revealed that concentrations of eugenol and fish size along with their interactive effects have significantly contributed to the model, with concentration recording the highest beta value in all models (b = À0.809, À0.818 and À0.909, P = 0.000). According to the results, minimum eugenol concentration to induce anaesthesia in less than 3 min was 50 mg L À1 .
The larvae of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei are fed, from the stage of protozoea I until to protozoea III (PZ III), with microalgae. The survival rate, duration of the terms of Z I -Z III and total length of protozoea larvae (PZ) of L. vannamei were survived. The shrimp larvae fed with the six treatments of microalgae (Chaetoceros muelleri, Isochrysis galbana, Tetraselmis tetrathele, C. muelleri : I. galbana, C. muelleri: T. tetrathele and I. galbana: T. tetratheie). The biochemical composition (protein, carbohydrate, lipid and energy) of the algae and the larvae fed those algae were also measured. The largest sizes were recorded for larvae fed with the mixture C. muelleri and I. galbana (4.35 mm) and smaller sizes were observed on larvae fed with I. galbana (3.04 mm) (P \ 0.05). The larvae fed with mixture T. tetrathele and C. muelleri (88.42 %) and I. galbana and T. tetrathele (84.50 %) had the highest survival in experimental treatments. The lowest time for development was observed in larvae fed with mixture of T. tetrathele and C. muelleri (92.6 h). The larvae fed with mixture I. galbana and T. tetrathele had the highest protein and carbohydrate levels as compared with other treatments. Also highest lipid level and gross energy were shown in larvae fed with mixture C. muelleri and I. galbana (P \ 0.05). The results showed that L. vannamei larvae fed with C. muelleri and the mixed diets containing this species (C. muelleri ? Isochrysis sp., C. muelleri ? Tetraselmis sp.) had the highest growth and survival among treatments.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.