Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a marine bacterium and some strains cause gastroenteritis in humans. Clinical isolates are thought to possess virulence factors that are absent from the majority of environmental isolates. Use of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR produced a unique 600 bp amplicon (band Y) in the majority of clinical isolates and rarely in environmental isolates tested. The DNA from band Y was cloned and sequenced and found to code for an outer membrane protein (OMP). Two polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers were designed to specifically amplify a 200 bp unique sequence from presumptive virulent strains (PCR-OMP). The virulence of 23 clinical and 32 environmental isolates was assessed in cytotoxicity tests by treatment of Caco-2 cells with extracellular products (ECPs). All but two of the clinical isolates (91%) were positive for the 200 bp PCR-OMP and their ECPs produced a significantly higher (p < 0.05) lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release (mean 72.88%) than the ECPs of environmental isolates (mean 15.3%) with the exception of one environmental isolate that produced the 200 bp amplicon. A positive 200 bp PCR-OMP is strongly correlated with virulence, as determined by the cytotoxicity assay, and identified virulent forms better than current PCR tests for tdh, trh or T3SS2.

150 samples were collected from different clinical sources from Al-Diwaniyah city hospitals from September 2021 to January 2022. The samples were grown on Maconkey agar and blood agar medium and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Bacterial isolates were diagnosed through culture characteristics, microscopic examination and biochemical tests, as 25 isolates belonging to p. aeruginosa. The phenotypic detection of these isolates was conducted and it was found that 16 isolates contain efflux pumps, after which the genetic detection was done by PCR technique. The isolates were subjected to the mexAB-OprM efflux pump detection using PCR technique, and after the replication product was migrated in agarose gel, it was observed that 93.75 %) of the isolates possess the mexA gene encoding the above efflux pump, and (43.75%) the oprM gene encoding the above efflux pump also.

One hundred and twenty attendees at the STD clinic in Al-Diwaniyah children and maternity hospital were examined for the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis in women who are suffering from pelvic inflammatory disease, in this study, the molecular assay that used for chlamydia detection was PCR. Overall, 29 (24.1%) of 120 women examined had Chlamydia trachomatisin highly vaginal swabs,10, 15 and 4 of Chlamydia trachomatisbacteria were identified by polymerase chain reaction assay in women have aged as 18-35 years, 36-55 years and older than 55 years, with a prevalence rate of 8.3%, 12.5% and 3.3%, respectively. The current study not found any significant association (X 2(2) =3.29, P>0.05) between aged and number of Chlamydia trachomatis, also the kruswallwallis test showed that no statistically significant differences in women age and the different sexual intercourse per week (X 2(2) =50.04, P<0.05), it was found the most common sexual intercourse both women aged between 18-35 and 36-55 years as 19 and 26 respectively, on the other hand, there was a statistically significant differences in women age and Partner mating characters (X 2(2) =10.83, P<0.05),the results found the most prevalence of C. trachomatis in women who have contraceptive drugs and condoms

The halophilic bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus is widely distributed as a natural inhabitant of marine and estuarine environments throughout the world. Many strains are avirulent in humans, but virulent strains are the causative agent of gastroenteritis acquired through consumption of contaminated raw or undercooked seafood. Therefore, it is likely that most V. parahaemolyticus isolates from the marine environment are harmless to humans. Virulent isolates are difficult to differentiate from the majority of avirulent environmental isolates. A total of 55 V. parahaemolyticus isolates (22 clinical, 31 environmental and 2 reference strains) were examined for the carriage of plasmids, whole cell protein profiles; their haemolytic, lipase, phospholipase, protease and urease activities; and the cytotoxicity of their extracellular products (ECPs). Analysis of variance for V. parahaemolyticus isolates showed that Kanagawa haemolysis, phospholipase, protease and urease activities were significantly related to cytotoxicity as assayed by measuring relative extracellular lactate dehydrogenase as an indicator of damage of CHO-K1 cells. The difference between the mean values of cytotoxicity of ECPs of clinical and environmental isolates was significant at a p value of < 0.05.

150 samples were collected from different clinical causes of hospitals in Al-Diwaniyah city. All samples were cultured on blood agar and Maconkey agar medium and incubated for 24 hat 37°C. The results showed 112 (74.6%) bacterial growth. Initially, identification of the bacterial isolates were carried out viabiochemical tests, 25 isolates Pseudomonasaeruginosa were detected. Identity was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the areE genewith size 498pb. This bacterium was isolated from burn infection 30% and wound infection 20%, while it was isolated from Respiratorytract 16.6%. The antibiotics susceptibilitytest for 16 bacterial isolates have been tested. It has been found that the bacterial isolates were resistance 100% for Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Piperacillin, Cefotaxime and Cefepim and 18.75% forMeropenem. While they were sensitive 100% for Amikacin. Keywords: antibiotics, areE gene, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, PCR.