Although frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin/TDP-43-positive inclusions (FTLD-TDP) and Pick's disease are common pathological substrates in sporadic FTLD, clinical differentiation of these diseases is difficult. We performed a retrospective review of medical records and semiquantitative examination of neuronal loss of 20 sporadic FTLD-TDP and 19 Pick's disease cases. Semantic dementia as the first syndrome developed only in FTLD-TDP patients. Impaired speech output in the early stage was five times more frequent in Pick's disease than in FTLD-TDP. The total frequency of asymmetric motor disturbances (e.g., parkinsonism, pyramidal signs, and contracture) during the course was significantly more frequent in FTLD-TDP (78%) than in Pick's disease cases (14%). Asymmetric pyramidal signs were found in 7 of 13 FTLD-TDP cases with corticospinal tract degeneration similar to primary lateral sclerosis. Frontotemporal dementia as the first syndrome was noted in both FTLD-TDP (28%) and Pick's disease cases (64%); however, only FTLD-TDP cases subsequently developed asymmetric motor disturbances, and some of the cases further exhibited hemineglect. Concordant with these clinical findings, degeneration in the temporal cortex, caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and corticospinal tract was significantly more severe in FTLD-TDP, and degeneration in the frontal cortex tended to be more severe in Pick's disease. Given these findings, the initial impairment of semantic memory or comprehension and subsequent asymmetric motor disturbances in sporadic FTLD patients predict sporadic FTLD-TDP rather than Pick's disease, while initial behavioral symptoms or non-fluent aphasia without subsequent asymmetric motor disturbances predict Pick's disease rather than sporadic FTLD-TDP.
A compact formula for fully relativistic Thomson scattering spectrum including depolarization term is presented. By rational approximation, an analytic formula with high accuracy (relative error<0.1% at 100 keV) is obtained, which is applicable to a wide range of plasmas.
The edge pedestal widths in ion and electron temperature profiles for H-mode discharges have been measured during an ELM-free phase over a wide range of plasma current of 1-4.5 MA in JT-60U. The pedestal width of the ion temperature indicates a dependence on both inverse poloidal field and edge ion temperature. As a result, it is shown that the pedestal width ρ linearly scales like ρ ≈ 3.3 √ ερ Pi , where ε is the inverse aspect ratio and ρ Pi is the poloidal gyroradius for thermal ions. The pedestal width is also compared with theoretical predictions.
The helium ash exhaust function of a divertor has been experimentally demonstrated. Helium atoms accumulate in the divertor region as the electron density of the main plasma increases. With a helium concentration of ~ 1.6% of electron density in the main plasma, neutral helium pressure at the divertor region is as high as 1.0 x 10" 4 Torr. This experiment indicates the possibility of helium ash exhaust in an a-particleheated diverted tokamak with use of pumping ducts of a practical size.
Lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) experiments on JT-60 have been carried out in parameter n̄;e = (0.6−1.6)×1019 m−3, Ip = 0.5−1.5 MA, BT = 2.7−4.5 T, PLH < 2.5 MW, f = 1.75 and 2.0 GHz, with and without NB heating (PNB < 6 MW), limiter and lower side single null divertor configurations, and narrow and wide spectra. The current drive efficiency increases with the volume averaged electron temperature ⟨Te⟩ and with decreasing Zeff and a high efficiency of ηCD ≡ n̄eRPIRF/PLH ≤ 2.65 × 1019 m−2·A·W−1 was achieved by LHCD alone. The experimental data set has shown that the current drive efficiency is consistent with the scaling of ηCD ∼ 12 ⟨Te⟩/(5+Zeff)×l019 m−2·A·W−1. Low N1 waves with a narrow spectrum have a higher current drive efficiency than higher N1 waves with a wide spectrum insofar as launched waves satisfy the accessibility
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