Forest dynamics were studied from 1993 to 1997 for individuals > 10 cm DBH in nine 1 ha permanent sample plots. They were established in natural flood plain forests located on the lower Ucayali river in the Peruvian Amazon. After inventories of three plots in each of three forest types, a light and a heavy felling treatment were applied to each of the two plots, while a third plot was kept untreated. Average annual stem mortality and recruitment rates in the untreated plots were among the highest observed in neotropical rain forests: mortality 2.2-3.2% per year, recruitment 3.0-4.6% per year. Dead individuals deviated significantly from random dispersion towards clumping. The average annual basal area growth was around 1 m 2 /ha per year, corresponding to average annual basal area growth rates of 3.5-3.8% per year in the untreated plots. No decrease in basal area growth was observed even in the treated plots where annual basal area mortality rates up to 41 % during the first year were observed. The average diameter growth increased from 4.0-4.5 mm per year in the untreated plots to 5.3-6.8 mm per year in the treated plots. The stocking of commercial timber species was high with basal areas of 2.6-10.0 m 2 /ha and volumes of 59-240 m 3 /ha. The corresponding growth of basal area and volume of commercial timber species were also considerable, reaching values of 0.1-0.3 m 2 /ha per year and 2-9 m 3 /ha per year, respectively. These attributes suggested that forest management for timber production in these forests can be flexible and provide relatively high yields on a sustained basis. It appeared that management interventions can be carried out within the range of naturally occurring perturbations, although it should be noticed that only limited proportions of each habitat are disturbed at a time by nature. The patchy occurrence of habitats may provide logistic problems to management.
Valuable tree genetic resources are declining around many farming communities in the Peruvian Amazon, limiting farmers' options for economic development. The International Centre for Research in Agroforestry is working with farming communities to increase productivity and long-term sustainability of their forests, and to empower them to conserve tree genetic resources. This paper describes some principles of participatory tree domestication, and how researchers are working with farmers to select improved planting materials, reduce the risk of poor tree adaptation, produce and deliver high-quality planting material, and scale up participatory tree domestication.
Peach palm ( Bactris gasipaes Kunth) is cultivated for fruit and 'heart of palm', and is an important component of agroforestry systems in the Peruvian Amazon. In this study, AFLP was used to compare genetic diversity among domesticated populations along the Paranapura and Cuiparillo rivers, which are managed by indigenous and colonist farming communities, respectively. Gene diversity was 0.2629 for the populations in indigenous communities and 0.2534 in colonist communities. Genetic differentiation among populations ( G(st)) was 0.0377-0.0416 ( P<0.01) among populations along both rivers. There was no relation between genetic differentiation and the geographical location of populations along the rivers. Since natural seed dispersal by birds and rodents is thought to occur only across relatively short distances (100-200 m), it is likely that exchange of material by farmers and commercial traders is responsible for most of the 'long-distance' (over more than 20 km) gene flow among populations along the two rivers studied. This exchange of material may be important to counteract the effects of selection as well as genetic drift in small groups of trees in farmers' fields, much as in a metapopulation, and may account for the weak genetic differentiation between the two rivers ( G(st)=0.0249, P<0.01). A comparison with samples from other landraces in Peru and Brazil showed the existence of an isolation-by-distance structure up to 3,000 km, consistent with gene flow on a regional scale, likely mediated by trade in the Amazon Basin. Results are discussed with regard to practical implications for the management of genetic resources with farming communities.
RESUMENEn el periodo 1993-1997 se estudió la dinámica del bosque en nueve parcelas permanentes de muestreo de una hectárea para individuos ≥ 10 cm de DAP. Para ello se instalaron tres parcelas en cada uno de los tres tipos de bosque natural de la llanura aluvial inundable del bajo Ucayali en la Amazonía Peruana. Luego de realizar el inventario de tres parcelas en cada uno de los tres tipos de bosque, se sometió una primera parcela a una tala intensiva y una segunda a una tala ligera, dejando la tercera parcela sin intervención. Entre lo más destacable de estos bosques húmedos neotropicales, está el promedio anual de mortalidad y las tasas de repoblación en las parcelas no intervenidas: mortalidad de 2,20-3,16%/año, repoblación de 2,99-4,57%/ año. La mortalidad de los individuos presentó una desviación significativa en la dispersión aleatoria hacia el agrupamiento. El incremento anual en área basal fue de alrededor de 1 m 2 /ha/año, lo que corresponde a las tasas promedio de incremento anual en área basal de 3,51-3,79%/año en las parcelas no intervenidas. No se observó disminución alguna en el incremento en área basal inclusive en las parcelas interve-1 Traducción del original en inglés "Forest dynamics in flood plain forest in the Peruvian Amazon: effects of disturbance and implications for management and conservation".
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