Employing the modified entropy-area relation suggested by Tsallis and Cirto [1], and the holographic hypothesis, a new holographic dark energy (HDE) model is proposed. Considering a flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) universe in which there is no interaction between the cosmos sectors, the cosmic implications of the proposed HDE are investigated. Interestingly enough, we find that the identification of IR-cutoff with the Hubble radius, can lead to the late time accelerated Universe even in the absence of interaction between two dark sectors of the Universe. This is in contrast to the standard HDE model with Hubble cutoff, which does not imply the accelerated expansion, unless the interaction is taken into account. * asheykhi@shirazu.ac.ir
A generalized version for the Rastall theory is proposed showing the agreement with the cosmic accelerating expansion. In this regard, a coupling between geometry and the pressureless matter fields is derived which may play the role of dark energy, responsible for the current accelerating expansion phase. Moreover, our study also shows that the radiation field may not be coupled to the geometry in a non-minimal way which represents that the ordinary energymomentum conservation law is respected by the radiation source. It is also shown that the primary inflationary era may be justified by the ability of the geometry to couple to the energy-momentum source in an empty flat FRW universe. In fact, this ability is independent of the existence of the energymomentum source and may compel the empty flat FRW universe to expand exponentially. Finally, we consider a flat FRW universe field by a spatially homogeneous scalar field evolving in potential V(φ), and study the results of applying the slow-roll approximation to the system which may lead to an inflationary phase for the universe expansion.
We profit by a recent paper of Visser claiming that Rastall gravity is equivalent to Einstein gravity to compare the two gravitational theories in a general way. Our conclusions are different from Visser's ones. We indeed argue that these two theories are not equivalent. In fact, Rastall theory of gravity is an "open" theory when compared to Einstein general theory of relativity. Thus, it is ready to accept the challenges of observational cosmology and quantum gravity.The framework of extended theories of gravity [1][2][3][4][5] is today considered an useful and popular approach to attempt to solve the important problems of the standard model of cosmology like Dark Energy [6,7] and Dark Matter [8,9]. A key point is that all of the potential alternatives to Einstein's general theory of relativity (GTR) must be viable. This implies that alternative theories must be in agreement with the Einstein's equivalence principle, which has today a strong, unchallengeable empirical evidence [2]. The fundamental consequence is that the alternatives to Einstein gravity must be metric theories [2]. Another important point is that such alternatives must pass the solar system tests. Hence, deviations from the standard GTR must be weak [1,2].Within the framework of extended gravity, one finds the theory proposed by Rastall in 1972 [10], which recently obtained a renewed interest in the literature [11][12][13][14]. This interest is due to some good behavior of the Rastall theory. In fact, on one hand it seems in good agreement with observational data on the Universe age and on the Hubble parameter [15]. On the other hand it may, in principle, provide an alternative description for the matter dominated era with respect to the GTR [16]. Observational data from the helium nucleosynthesis seem also in agreement with Rastall gravity [17]. Based on these observational evidences, there have been some recently studies of the various cosmic eras in the framework of Rastall gravity [18][19][20][21][22]. Other interesting a e-mail: cordac.galilei@gmail.com issues are that Rastall gravity seems to do not suffer from the entropy and age problems of standard cosmology [23] and is consistent with the gravitational lensing phenomena [24,25]. Further interesting works on Rastall gravity are given by [26][27][28][29][30] and references within.Differently from Einstein gravity, Rastall gravity considers a non-divergence-free energy-momentum . A different, but similar theory is the so called Curvature-matter theory of gravity [31][32][33][34][35]. In this theory the matter and geometry are coupled to each other in a non-minimal way [31][32][33][34][35]. Then, the standard energy-momentum conservation law does not work in this case too [31][32][33][34][35].In a recent paper [36], Visser claimed that Rastall gravity is equivalent to Einstein gravity. In this letter, we argue that these two theories are not equivalent instead. Let us see the key points of our interpretation.Rastall did not define a new energy-momentum tensor (EMT) in his origina...
Here, we consider a flat FRW universe whose its horizon entropy meets the Rényi entropy of nonextensive systems. In our model, the ordinary energy-momentum conservation law is not always valid. By applying the Clausius relation as well as the Cai-Kim temperature to the apparent horizon of a flat FRW universe, we obtain modified Friedmann equations. Fitting the model to the observational data on current accelerated universe, some values for the model parameters are also addressed. Our study shows that the current accelerating phase of universe expansion may be described by a geometrical fluid, originated from the non-extensive aspects of geometry, which models a varying dark energy source interacting with matter field in the Rastall way. Moreover, our results indicate that the probable non-extensive features of spacetime may also be used to model a varying dark energy source which does not interact with matter field, and is compatible with the current accelerated phase of universe.
The restrictions on the Rastall theory due to apply the Newtonian limit to the theory are derived. In addition, we use the zero-zero component of the Rastall field equations as well as the unified first law of thermodynamics to find the Misner-Sharp mass content confined to the event horizon of the spherically symmetric static spacetimes in the Rastall framework. The obtained relation is calculated for the Schwarzschild and de-Sitter back holes as two examples. Bearing the obtained relation for the Misner-Sharp mass in mind together with recasting the one-one component of the Rastall field equations into the form of the first law of thermodynamics, we obtain expressions for the horizon entropy and the work term. Finally, we also compare the thermodynamic quantities of system, including energy, entropy and work, with their counterparts in the Einstein framework to have a better view about the role of the Rastall hypothesis on the thermodynamics of system.
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