The articles provides an overview of literature dedicated to the study of iodine status in pigs and establishes an interrelation between the level of microelement in animal diet and the functional activity of thyroid gland. Close correlation between thyroid hormone levels in blood and the reproductive abilities and productiveness of pigs has been observed. Resulting thyroxin and triiodothyronine synthesis and metabolic disorders are among the most common causes of pathological states in animals, which are characterized by lower fertility, increased intrauterine fetal deaths, and birth of non-viable piglets with apparent signs of goiter. Moreover, thyroid hypofunction leads to decreased general and lipoid metabolism in pigs, young animals in particular. Feed is the source of iodine for pigs. Yet, due to intensive growing practices the primary place in pig nutrition is occupied by concentrated feed with as a rule low content of this microelement. In addition, a number of other factors affect iodine levels in organism. Iodine digestibility is particularly hindered by glucosinolates and cyanogenic glycosides, nitrates, nitrites, perchlorates, residue of some pesticides. Iodine absorption in gastrointestinal tract is slowed down by fluorine and sulfur. Pigs may receive enough iodine with additional feed containing inorganic (КІ, NaІ) and organic (iodates) compounds. For this purpose industrial farms tend to use premixtures and mineral additives containing iodine and other macro- and microelements. However, said forms of iodine-containing preparations are often unstable or even aggressive in combination with other components of additives, namely vitamins. In this connection, we are facing a relevant problem of finding new preparations that in small doses would be stable and compatible with other components of compound feed while solving the problem of microelement nutrition. In humane and veterinary medicine nanomaterials, namely metal aquachelates, are used increasingly more often. There is information as to positive impact that iodine aquacitrate has on animals which needs to be further confirmed by profound research.
The study aimed to investigate the effect of the drug “Bendamine” on dogs' clinical and morphological parameters in heart failure. Two groups of dogs were formed for research: control (healthy) and experimental (sick). The 30-day experiment included ten dogs from the control group, ten dogs of the observed (unhealthy) spaniel breed, and 10–12 years old dogs. The treatment regimen for sick dogs: furosemide was administered orally on an empty stomach at 2 mg/kg every 12 hours; enalapril was administered orally at 0.5 mg/kg every 12 hours; Bendamine was administered orally on an empty stomach at 20 mg/kg every 24 hours. It is recommended to divide the dose into two doses. In the study of hematopoiesis, we found that erythrocytes in dogs with heart failure increased by 18.2 %, while hemoglobin levels decreased by 1.8 %. Before treatment, red blood cell counts were found to reduce the mean hemoglobin in the erythrocyte and the mean erythrocyte volume. In the experimental group of dogs treated with the “Bendamine”, normalization of morphological blood parameters was found. The number of erythrocytes was 5.8 ± 0.06 T/L, and the hemoglobin level was 143.5 ± 4.7 g/L. The use of the drug “Bendamine” contributed to the gradual restoration of the functional state of the hematopoietic system in dogs with heart failure. This is also indicated by the red blood cell index of the dogs after the course of treatment. The therapy application in the experimental group significantly reduced the frequency and severity of shortness of breath and increased endurance during exercise. There was also a decrease in the frequency and duration of cough attacks. After treatment, signs, and intensity of ascites decreased in dogs of the experimental group. It has been suggested that this is due to an increase in myocardial contractile function due to the positive ionotropic action of Bendamine. The owners also recorded an improvement in appetite in animals after 30 days of therapy. Even in the dogs of the experimental group, after treatment, physical activity and emotional reactions improved. They were less depressed and more inclined to communicate with the owners. Thus, the use of the cardiac drug “Bendamine” in dogs with heart failure positively affected the restoration of hematopoiesis and the normalization of morphological parameters of the blood.
Because of the natural laws of the chain «soil–plant–animal» trace element status of pigs in the conditions of industrial technology of cultivation depends on the quantity and value of various macro– and microelements in feed, which is the result of absorption from the soil. Among feed factors, one of the limiting micronutrient is iodine. We, in terms of Farm «Amila» Turiysk district, Volyn region, investigated levels of iodine in the grain group of plants (barley, triticale, oats, rye), which is used to feed pigs as fullcomponent feed, depending on the accumulation of trace elements in the soil. It was established that the average iodine content in sod–podzolic soils (36% of all arable land) farms located within 7.48 ± 0.46 mg/kg, clay and sand 5.6 ± 0.38 mg/kg and gley–sandy – 5.96 ± 0.67 mg/kg. Thus, the study of grain grown on these lands have shown that the level of iodine in them was low and ranged from 49 to 77 mg/kg. Given the data provided to us agrochemical analysis of soil (the humus, pH, exchange nitrogen, mobile forms of manganese, zinc, copper, iron, cobalt, boron and sulfur), it was found that the pH of the soil on the farm was, on average, at 6.1 – 7.5 humus content – 2% – 3%, nitrogen – 48 – 72 mg/kg. In the majority of areas in the studied soils found very high boron content (> 0.7 mg/kg) and very low concentration of copper (<0.11 mg/kg) and iron (<0.08 mg/kg). Amid moderate soil providing mobile forms of the investigated macro– and microelements (N, Mn, Zn, S) detected an imbalance in the concentration of B, Cu, Fe, is likely to affect the concentration of iodine in soil fixing its potential, which in turn depends on ability to maintain atomic iodine and facilitate its absorption. It is possible that the rate of absorption of iodine from the soil under these conditions is also insufficient. Taking into account the available information on the specific components of iodine in the diet to ensure the body metabolism pigs must decide on the further introduction of easily accessible iodine–containing drugs.
According to the experiment, the productive effect of different amounts of grain of the triticale of Harroz variety in feed for the reproductive indices of feeding rabbits was established. According to the tasks assigned, five groups of nursing rabbits were selected and formed according to the principle of analogues. To feed the experimental nursing rabbits, a full granulated mixed feed was used in the structure of which there was a different content of triticale grain: II research group – 10.0%, III, IV and V research groups - 20.0%, 30.0% and 40.0% respectively . Nursing rabbits of the 1st control group were fed full-fat mixed fodders, which were balanced for the main nutrients, but did not contain triticale grain. In the study of the multiplicity of feeding rabbits with different contents of crushed grain of the triticale of the Harroz variety, it was higher in the 3rd and 4th experimental groups (in the ration of 20 and 30% of the crushed grain of triticale) with an index of 8.0–8.2 heads (P < 0.05). The large-fruited index predominated in the nursing rabbits of the 4th experimental group and amounted to 65 g; in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 5th groups it was 62, 63, 64, and 61g. The amount of milk of nursing rabbits is an indicator that positively correlates with fecundity, the weight of rabbits at birth (large-fruited), the preservation of the nest. Milk index was also the best in nursing rabbits of the 4th group and amounted to 2.83 kg, which is 0.09–0.24 kg more than in all other groups (P < 0.01). By the number of rabbits with weaning at 35 days, the fourth group of nursing rabbits predominated, this index was 7.1 g. The average live weight of one head during separation was higher by 40–50 g in the 3rd and 4th test groups compared to the first control group and amounted to 0.75 and 0.76 kg (P < 0.05). According to preliminary indications, the best nest weight in weaning during 35 days was the nursing rabbits of the 4th group – 5.36 kg, which is 0.47 kg higher than the control (P < 0.05). The highest percentage of conservation of rabbits before weaning at 35-day-old age was observed in groups 3, 4 and 5, and was at the level of 94.59; 93.42; 97.1%. It was found that the structure of the ration of nursing rabbits with a content of crushed grain of triticale of Harroz 20, 30 and 40% was significantly influenced the preservation of the nest. The index – the index of the reproductive qualities of feeding rabbits (IVKK), based on the indicators of large-fruited, milk and number of rabbits with weaning (35 days) was higher in feeding rabbits of 3rd and 4th groups and amounted to 126.4 and 128.8. The maximum reproductive indices of feeding rabbits provided a structural content in the diet of 30% of the crushed grain of the triticale of the Harroz variety (the fourth research group). The ration (30% of the triticale crushed grain) ensured the growth of the multiplicity by 8.5%, the size of the fetus by 5%, the milkness of the rabbits by 9%, the weight of the nest at weaning at 35 days old by 9.6%, and the complex index of IVKK by 6.5%.
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