Epileptic seizures can cause a variety of temporary changes in perception and behavior. In the human EEG they are reflected by multiple ictal patterns, where epileptic seizures typically become apparent as characteristic, usually rhythmic signals, often coinciding with or even preceding the earliest observable changes in behavior. Their detection at the earliest observable onset of ictal patterns in the EEG can, thus, be used to start more-detailed diagnostic procedures during seizures and to differentiate epileptic seizures from other conditions with seizure-like symptoms. Recently, warning and intervention systems triggered by the detection of ictal EEG patterns have attracted increasing interest. Since the workload involved in the detection of seizures by human experts is quite formidable, several attempts have been made to develop automatic seizure detection systems. So far, however, none of these found widespread application. Here, we present a novel procedure for generic, online, and real-time automatic detection of multimorphologic ictal-patterns in the human long-term EEG and its validation in continuous, routine clinical EEG recordings from 57 patients with a duration of approximately 43 hours and additional 1,360 hours of seizure-free EEG data for the estimation of the false alarm rates. We analyzed 91 seizures (37 focal, 54 secondarily generalized) representing the six most common ictal morphologies (alpha, beta, theta, and delta- rhythmic activity, amplitude depression, and polyspikes). We found that taking the seizure morphology into account plays a crucial role in increasing the detection performance of the system. Moreover, besides enabling a reliable (mean false alarm rate<0.5/h, for specific ictal morphologies<0.25/h), early and accurate detection (average correct detection rate>96%) within the first few seconds of ictal patterns in the EEG, this procedure facilitates the automatic categorization of the prevalent seizure morphologies without the necessity to adapt the proposed system to specific patients.
Objective: To assess psychomotor development and neurological sequelae in infants after surgery for congenital heart defects. Design and setting: Single institution prospective cohort study. Patients: 90 of 112 consecutive surviving infants of less than 1 year of age, without brain anomalies, conditions, or syndromes associated with delayed mental development, who underwent cardiac surgery during an 18 month period; 20 control infants with minor or no congenital heart defects. Main outcome measures: Griffiths developmental scales and standardised neurological examination at 1 year. Results: Mean (SD) developmental quotient (DQ) in index infants was 99 (10.6), compared with 106.7 (6.6) in controls (p < 0.001). DQ was lower in infants after palliative surgery (n = 16; 88 (12.2)) than after corrective surgery (n = 74; 101.4 (8.6)) (p < 0.001). Of the 90 index infants, 24 (27%) had a DQ below 93.5 (more than 2 SD below the mean of controls). Developmental delay (DQ < 93.5) was more common after palliative surgery (10/16, 63%) than after corrective surgery (14/74, 19%) (p < 0.001). Of the 90 index infants, 29 (32%) had neurological abnormalities, compared with only one of the 20 controls (5%) (p = 0.013). Neurological abnormalities were more frequent after palliative surgery (11/16, 69%) than after corrective surgery (18/74, 24%) (p < 0.001).Conclusions: There is a considerable rate of neurodevelopmental impairment at 1 year of age in infants after cardiac surgery. Psychomotor impairment and neurological sequelae are apparently more severe in infants in whom only palliative surgery is possible.
An overview over the progress in sulfosalts research is given, including basic and application oriented research work. The ternary and multinary compound semiconductor family is defined. The chemical composition possibilities are given as well as an introduction to the structural systematics. The peculiarities of the complex crystal structures are outlined. The main characteristics of thermodynamic properties are given exemplarily by the SnS–Sb2S3 pseudo‐binary phase diagram. A new phase in the Sn–Sb–S system, SnSb4S7, is reported and the new crystal structure is shown. The published methods of synthesis, thin film deposition, and nanoparticle preparation are listed in tables. A detailed listing of different methods, used for sulfosalt thin film deposition is presented. Data of physical properties are collected and presented. A compilation of measured bandgaps is given. The potential of sulfosalts in possible applications and the role in actual applications are widespread. They include photovoltaic (thin film solar cells) and thermoelectric energy conversion (thermoelectric generator, Peltier elements), phase change memory (rewritable compact discs), catalysis, X‐Ray detectors, and cryoelectronics. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
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