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The effect of steam for the catalytic fast pyrolysis of cellulose with ZSM-5 was studied in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor. Irreversible and reversible changes due to steaming were identified. Steam caused dealumination, a loss of total acidity, an increase in the zeolite-crystal size, and agglomeration of particles. For runs both with and without steam co-feeding, these irreversible changes caused lower yields for aromatics and char/coke, and higher yields for methane and unidentified products. In addition to irreversible catalyst changes, steam co-feeding was also found to reversibly lower yields of aromatics, char/coke, and identifiable oxygenate species, increase yields of CO and methane, and not change the overall yields of CO 2 and olefins.

Abstract-The efficiency of matching structures is the key issue for content publish/subscribe systems. In this paper, we propose an efficient matching tree structure, named COBASTREE, for a distributed environment. Particularly, we model a predicate in each subscription filter as an interval and published content value as a data point. The COBASTREE is designed to index all subscription intervals and a matching algorithm is proposed to match the data points to these indexed intervals. Through a set of techniques including selective multicast by bounding intervals, cost model-based interval division, and COBASTREE merging, COBASTREE can match the published contents against subscription filters with a high efficiency. We call the whole framework including COBASTREE and the associated techniques as COBAS. The performance evaluation in simulation environment and PlanetLab environment shows COBAS significantly outperforms two counterparts with low cost and fast forwarding.

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