We tested the hypothesis that polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) cell counts and phagocytic activity determined by latex ingestion and superoxide anion production are influenced by different training periods. We investigated long-distance runners before and up to 24 h after a graded exercise test to exhaustion during moderate training (MT) and intense training (IT) and compared them with untrained (control) subjects. Cell counts and phagocytic activity at rest and after exercise did not differ significantly between MT and control. On the contrary, IT showed a significant (P < or = 0.05) decrease in PMN cell count at rest (2.55 +/- 0.3 cells/nl) compared with MT (3.63 +/- 0.2 cells/nl) and control (3.41 +/- 0.8 cells/nl). Furthermore, phagocytic activity was significantly reduced (P < or = 0.05) in IT at rest and after exercise compared with MT and control. A strong inverse correlation (r = -0.75; P < or = 0.01) between epinephrine and superoxide anion production was found. These results provide evidence that the phagocytic activity depends on the training period and indicate impaired PMN functions during IT, which might lead to increased susceptibility to infection.
Leucocyte cell counts and the phagocytic and chemotactic activities of neutrophil granulocytes were investigated in highly endurance-trained long-distance runners (n = 10) and triathletes (n = 10) during a moderate training period and compared with untrained subjects (n = 10) before and up to 24 h after a graded exercise to exhaustion on a treadmill. After exercise a leucocytosis was noted with a significant increase in lymphocyte (P < or = 0.01) and neutrophil (P < or = 0.01) counts in all groups. In neutrophils the number of ingested inert latex beads was significantly increased (P < or = 0.01) from 0.21 (SD 0.09) to 0.45 (SD 0.22) in controls, from 0.20 (SD 0.12) to 0.56 (SD 0.16) in long-distance runners and from 0.25 (SD 0.08) to 1.03 (SD 0.42) particles per cell in triathletes 24 h after exercise, compared with resting values. The capability of neutrophils to produce microbicidal reactive oxygen species fell (P < or = 0.05) immediately after exercise in all subjects and then increased by 36 (SD 8)%, 31 (SD 6)% and 19 (SD 9)% in controls, runners and triathletes respectively up to 24 h after exercise (P < or = 0.05) compared with pre-start values. With respect to the absolute number of neutrophils, ingestion capacity, production of superoxide anions and chemotactic activity, no significant differences were found between athletes and control subjects at rest and after exercise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The data demonstrated that prolonged exercise is necessary for exercise-induced activation of coagulation resulting in thrombin and fibrin formation and suggested that endothelial cell activation possibly due to mechanical factors associated with running might play a role.
Hemodynamic instability and functional impairment of the donor heart are currently reported problems in organ transplantation. Actual shortage of potential donor hearts continues to raise controversial discussion about adequate donor management with regard to graft quality. In an experimental open chest model, physiopathologic effects of acutely induced, irreversible intracranial hypertension (AIIHT) were investigated in situ with respect to hemodynamics, cardiac pump and muscle function, and hormonal parameters. Acutely induced irreversible intracranial hypertension was induced by rapid inflation of a subdural balloon catheter in 10 anesthetized dogs, four animals serving as controls. The observation period in both groups was 300 min. Cardiocirculatory stability was maintained by continuous crystalloid volume substitution without the use of inotropic or pressor agents. After AIIHT, three characteristic hemodynamic response phases have been observed: 1) The "acute hyperdynamic phase" lasting up to 15 min with marked increases of heart rate (HR), left ventricular pressure (LVP), cardiac output (CO) and myocardial contractility indices, 2) At the end of the "early restabilization phase", (60 min), these parameters returned close to control levels, except HR (+50%) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) (-40%), 3) During the "late restabilization phase", filling pressures, LVP and CO remained within control limits at low SVR, contractility indices showed a decreasing tendency. All assessed plasmatic hormones (Catecholamines, triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol and anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) showed a continuous fall to levels significantly below control over the phases of restabilization. Acutely induced irreversible intracranial hypertension leads to multifactorial hemodynamic and hormonal changes. At low SVR, cardiac pump function was preserved exclusively by continuous volume substitution, while myocardial contractility indicated a slight decrease. From this observed hemodynamic and functional state within the donor organism, no reliable prediction on graft functional capacity can be made.
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