Viral nervous necrosis (VNN), caused by betanodavirus, is a significant viral infection that threatens marine aquaculture. Freshwater and marine fish farms in Turkey are subjected to annual pathogen screenings. In 2016, during the Nervous Necrosis Virus screening program conducted in the Black Sea, betanodavirus was unexpectedly detected using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in apparently healthy sea bass. Phylogenetic analysis of both the RNA1 and RNA2 segments of the virus determined that the betanodavirus detected was red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus genotype (RGNNV). Following the initial discovery of betanodavirus in the Black Sea, monitoring studies performed over a 3 yr period have not indicated any additional presence of the virus. The absence of clinical symptoms related to VNN disease in the area’s marine fish farms and the surrounding detection zone, and the fact that the virus has not been detected anew in monitoring programmes conducted following the initial detection, indicate that there is no virus circulation in the detection zone.
Sacbrood virus (SBV) is widely distributed in honeybees. It is an infectious and contagious disease, which affects both the larvae and adult stages of honeybees (Apis mellifera). This study reports the detection of sacbrood virus in Turkey in 2017. Phylogenetic analysis based on partial sequences encoding the polyprotein gene was carried out in SBV-infected bees from four different apiaries. Phylogenetic analysis revealed noteworthy results. Although European-South American, Asian, and Korean genotypes have a maximum of 5.3% variance with each other, the variation rates between them and the Turkish genotype were 10.4%, 11.4%, and 12.5%, respectively. Sequences of Turkish isolates did not fit into the previously reported genotype groups; furthermore, they created a completely separate branch according to phylogeny. This new branch was therefore named the Turkish genotype.
Viral nervous necrosis (VNN), caused by betanodaviruses belonging to the Nodaviridae family, poses a significant threat to aquaculture production, sustainability and development (Costa & Thompson, 2016;Thiéry et al., 2011;Toffan et al., 2017). It has been reported that 177 marine species are susceptible to betanodaviruses, and epizootic outbreaks have been reported in 62 marine species (Bandín & Souto, 2020). The most commonly affected species are the European sea bass (ESB), Asian sea bass, groupers, Japanese flounder, barfin flounder and flatfish; however, other marine fish are also susceptible (Bandín and Souto, 2020;Munday et al., 2002;Sano et al., 2011). Outbreaks related to betanodavirus in gilthead sea bream (GSB) have also been reported (Bitchava et al., 2007;Comps & Raymond, 1996; Volpe et al., 2020), although information regarding betanodavirus infection in GSB has historically been scarce.Following recent reports of GSB deaths related to betanodavirus
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