Objective To review the literature on environmental health impacts of tobacco farming and to summarise the findings and research gaps in this field. Methods A standard literature search was performed using multiple electronic databases for identification of peer-reviewed articles. The internet and organisational databases were also used to find other types of documents (eg, books and reports). The reference lists of identified relevant documents were reviewed to find additional sources.

Sigla em inglês utilizada pelos próprios transexuais e também na literatura médica para designar o que tenho chamado de 'homem trans'. Literalmente significa female-to-male, feminino para masculino'. Resumo Apresentação Apresentação Apresentação Apresentação ApresentaçãoElegi discutir o que percebi como recorrente em meio à diversidade do microcosmo de 'homens trans' a que tenho tido acesso, também ele marcado por dissidências e conformações, como sugere o título deste dossiê.Para efeito deste artigo, considero como equivalentes as categorias empíricas "homem transexual", "homem trans", "transhomem", "transman", "FTM" 1 ou "transexual masculino". Dessa forma, para evitar o uso de múltiplas expressões, utilizarei o termo "homem trans" no esforço de condensar a experiência da 'transexualidade masculina'. Tomo a autodenominação a partir das categorias acima, como critério de nomeação.

O presente artigo tem como objetivo problematizar algumas questões acerca da patologização da transexualidade a fim de provocar a reflexão sobre a possibilidade da sua despatologização no Brasil, mantendo em perspectiva a necessidade de atenção integral à saúde de transexuais. Neste panorama, se para a medicina e as ciências psi (psiquiatria, psicologia e psicanálise) a transexualidade constitui uma desordem mental, para alguns autores que discutem as experiências trans, em especial nas ciências sociais e humanas e na saúde coletiva, estas são vivências que colocam em questão as normas de gênero que regem nossos conceitos de sexo, gênero e, no limite, de humano. Todavia, a despeito das críticas acadêmicas e do movimento mundial em prol da despatologização das identidades trans, no contexto brasileiro ainda vigora uma interpretação patologizada destas vivências que não apenas sustenta sua definição como um transtorno psiquiátrico como orienta as políticas públicas destinadas a este segmento.

O estudo objetivou caracterizar os clientes com diagnóstico de Insuficiência Cardíaca (IC), segundo o modelo de Campo de Saúde, identificando fatores de risco. O estudo, com abordagem quantitativa, foi realizado por meio de entrevista com 37 pacientes com diagnóstico médico de IC; utilizou-se questionário semiestruturado baseado no modelo de "Campo de Saúde". A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 60±15 anos, com predominância do sexo feminino (59,5%) e da hipertensão arterial (75,7%). O consumo de bebidas alcoólicas e o tabagismo são praticados por, respectivamente, 13,5% e 21,6% dos pacientes. Os doces e refrigerantes são consumidos diariamente por 21,6% dos pacientes. O diagnóstico de IC é desconhecido por 75,7% dos pacientes e 40,5% procuram os serviços de saúde apenas em casos de urgência. Os determinantes da saúde que compõem o Campo de Saúde indicaram um meio propício para o surgimento da IC, prejudicando a qualidade de vida da população.

The incidence of high-energy radiation onto icy surfaces constitutes an important route for leading new neutral or ionized molecular species back to the gas phase in interstellar and circumstellar environments, especially where thermal desorption is negligible. In order to simulate such processes, an acetonitrile ice (CH3CN) frozen at 120 K is bombarded by high energy electrons, and the desorbing positive ions are analyzed by time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS). Several fragment and cluster ions were identified, including the Hn=1-3(+), CHn=0-3(+)/NHn=0-1(+); C2Hn=0-3(+)/CHn=0-3N(+), C2Hn=0-6N(+) ion series and the ion clusters (CH3CN)n=1-2(+) and (CH3CN)n=1-2H(+). The energy dependence on the positive ion desorption yield indicates that ion desorption is initiated by Coulomb explosion following Auger electronic decay. The results presented here suggest that non-thermal desorption processes, such as desorption induced by electronic transitions (DIET) may be responsible for delivering neutral and ionic fragments from simple nitrile-bearing ices to the gas-phase, contributing to the production of more complex molecules. The derived desorption yields per electron impact may contribute to chemical evolution models in different cold astrophysical objects, especially where the abundance of CH3CN is expected to be high.

Polyhalite (PH) is a hydrated sulfate evaporite mineral containing potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur, nutrients all required in significant quantities by crops, but has limited evaluation as a fertilizer for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Fertilizer source and application rate field trials were conducted to evaluate PH as a fertilizer for potato production in the weathered tropical soils in Brazil. We selected two locations in the potato producing region of Southeast Brazil in 2015–16, one trial was conducted during the wet season at Tapira in São Paulo and the other during the winter season at Casa Branca in Minas Gerais. A common blend, 4–14–8, was made with either muriate of potash (MOP), sulfate of potash (SOP), or PH as the K source; with kieserite and gypsum added to the SOP to make a synthetic PH with similar composition; P either as single super phosphate (SSP) for the MOP blend or mono ammonium phosphate (MAP) for the PH and SOP blends; and N as urea adjusted for the N in MAP. All blends were applied at four application rates of 62, 125, 187, and 249 kg K/ha. A control was also included consisting of N and P as urea and MAP but no K, Ca, Mg, or S. Total and marketable yields as well as potato quality including dry matter, starch, soluble solids, hardness, and crunchiness were measured at harvest using standard techniques. At Tapira, potato yields increased linearly with increasing K application rate from 22.4 t·ha−1 for the control to the highest yield of 29.2 t·ha−1 and were higher for PH and SOP than MOP (28.8, 29.2, and 25.3 t·ha−1, respectively). At Casa Branca, yields increased from 31.5 t·ha−1 for the control to 42.4 kg·ha−1 at the 62 kg K/ha application rate with no further increases at higher rates and no differences among fertilizer blends at any application rate. Polyhalite blend increased dry matter and starch at the higher application rates compared with MOP and SOP at Tapira and increased potato hardness and crunchiness at the optimum 62 kg K/ha application rate at Casa Branca. Yield response was similar for PH and SOP but quality differences between these two fertilizer blends were observed even though they were similar in composition. Differences between PH and MOP may be related either to Cl or lack of Mg in the MOP blend. PH performed well as a fertilizer for potatoes as it produced equal or higher yields and provided benefits to potato quality when compared with MOP or SOP as a K source in a common fertilizer blend.

Acetone, one of the most important molecules in organic chemistry, also a precursor of prebiotic species, was found in the interstellar medium associated with star-forming environments. The mechanisms proposed to explain the gas phase abundance of interstellar acetone are based on grain mantle chemistry. High energy photons coming from the stellar radiation field of the nearby stars interact with the ice mantles on dust grains leading to photoionization, photodissociation, and photodesorption processes. In this work we investigate the photodesorption and the photostability of pure acetone ices due to soft X-ray impact. Absolute desorption yields per photon impact for the main positive ionic fragments were determined at the O 1s resonance energy (531.4 eV). The photostability of acetone ice was studied by exposure to different irradiation doses with a white beam of synchrotron radiation. The degradation of the ice was monitored by NEXAFS around the O 1s threshold. From this study we determine the photodissociation cross-section to be about 1.5 × 10 −17 cm 2 which allowed us to estimate the half-life for acetone ice in astrophysical environments where soft X-rays play an important role in chemical processes.

Methanol and ethanol, precursors of prebiotic molecules, are found in interstellar and circumstellar environments. At low temperatures, electrons may interact with these frozen molecules on dust grain surfaces stimulating desorption of atomic and molecular ions and charged clusters. These heavy fragments released from the icy mantles could contribute to the abundance in the gas phase of organic molecules in such environments. In this work, we investigate the ionic fragments desorbed from methanol and ethanol pure ices due to high energy electron impact. Absolute desorption yields (ions/impact) for each fragment desorbed from the ice surface were determined. Several clusters and heavier molecular ions were observed at higher electron energies. Two mechanisms seem to be involved in the desorption process, namely, the Auger stimulated ion desorption and that of secondary electrons. These data may provide support to establish more accurate astrochemical models and contribute to explain the influence of solar wind on condensed alcohols.