Microorganisms play an essential role in the material and energy cycles of aquatic ecosystems. Their transport as active particles is key to a variety of ecological processes (X. Chen et al., 2017), such as harmful algal blooms (Durham & Stocker, 2012), bioreactors for algae biofuels (Bees & Croze, 2014;Chisti, 2007) and biofilm formation on the surface of porous media in constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment (Zeng et al., 2019).
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