Vortex amplifiers (VA) use fluidic phenomena to modify flow through a containment breach, when used to protect glove box workers from exposure to the contents. The influence of control port geometry on swirl, operating characteristics, global flow, and momentum characteristics is studied experimentally. Shape and size of the control flow channels and the pressure applied at the tangential ports are critical in determining the trajectory of the jet issuing from the tangential ports and deflection of radial flow and vortex strength. Dominance of control-to-exit area ratio is confirmed. A clear improvement in performance is noted for a practical geometry derived from shaped passages of the device. Flow and momentum characteristics provide additional design data. The relationship of swirl number to output flow is demonstrated. Global flow and momentum characteristics provide insight into design and operation that is useful when avoiding back diffusion.
The objective of scalable video coding is to enable the generation of a unique bitstream that can adapt to various bitrates, transmission channels and display capabilities. The scalability is categorised in terms of temporal, spatial, and quality. Effective Rate Control (RC) has important ramifications for coding efficiency, and also channel bandwidth and buffer constraints in real-time communication.The main target of RC is to reduce the disparity between the actual and target bit-rates. In order to meet the target bitrate, a predicted Mean of Absolute Difference (MAD) between frames is used in a rate-quantisation model to obtain the Quantisation Parameter (QP) for encoding the current frame.The encoding process exploits the interdependencies between video frames; therefore the MAD does not change abruptly unless the scene changes significantly. After the scene change, the MAD will maintain a stable slow increase or decrease. Based on this observation, we developed a simplified RC algorithm. The scheme is divided in two steps; firstly, we predict scene changes, secondly, in order to suppress the visual quality, we limit the change in QP value between two frames to an adaptive range. This limits the need to use the rate-quantisation model to those situations where the scene changes significantly.To assess the proposed algorithm, comprehensive experiments were conducted. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm significantly reduces encoding time whilst maintaining similar rate distortion performance, compared to both the H.264/SVC reference software and recently reported work.
In today's global economy, the most successful engineering managers rely on a combination of technical skills and business principles. Industrial and systems engineering (ISE) aims at imparting fundamental knowledge to develop the ability to address complex industrial issues, highlighting how to design, run, control and optimise production systems. IJISE addresses the development of ISE principles, tools, systems and methods with special emphasis on the applications of ISE techniques and tools in improving organisational productivity and competitiveness in global markets.
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