BackgroundGlobal forests capture and store significant amounts of CO2 through photosynthesis. When carbon is removed from forests through harvest, a portion of the harvested carbon is stored in wood products, often for many decades. The United States Forest Service (USFS) and other agencies are interested in accurately accounting for carbon flux associated with harvested wood products (HWP) to meet greenhouse gas monitoring commitments and climate change adaptation and mitigation objectives. This paper uses the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) production accounting approach and the California Forest Project Protocol (CFPP) to estimate HWP carbon storage from 1906 to 2010 for the USFS Northern Region, which includes forests in northern Idaho, Montana, South Dakota, and eastern Washington.ResultsBased on the IPCC approach, carbon stocks in the HWP pool were increasing at one million megagrams of carbon (MgC) per year in the mid 1960s, with peak cumulative storage of 28 million MgC occurring in 1995. Net positive flux into the HWP pool over this period is primarily attributable to high harvest levels in the mid twentieth century. Harvest levels declined after 1970, resulting in less carbon entering the HWP pool. Since 1995, emissions from HWP at solid waste disposal sites have exceeded additions from harvesting, resulting in a decline in the total amount of carbon stored in the HWP pool. The CFPP approach shows a similar trend, with 100-year average carbon storage for each annual Northern Region harvest peaking in 1969 at 937,900 MgC, and fluctuating between 84,000 and 150,000 MgC over the last decade.ConclusionsThe Northern Region HWP pool is now in a period of negative net annual stock change because the decay of products harvested between 1906 and 2010 exceeds additions of carbon to the HWP pool through harvest. However, total forest carbon includes both HWP and ecosystem carbon, which may have increased over the study period. Though our emphasis is on the Northern Region, we provide a framework by which the IPCC and CFPP methods can be applied broadly at sub-national scales to other regions, land management units, or firms.
Karst aquifers provide drinking water for 10% of the world's population, support agriculture, groundwater-dependent activities, and ecosystems. These aquifers are characterised by complex groundwater-flow systems, hence, they are extremely vulnerable and protecting them requires an in-depth understanding of the systems. Poor data accessibility has limited advances in karst research and realistic representation of karst processes in large-scale hydrological studies. In this study, we present World Karst Spring hydrograph (WoKaS) database, a community-wide effort to improve data accessibility. WoKaS is the first global karst springs discharge database with over 400 spring observations collected from articles, hydrological databases and researchers. The dataset's coverage compares to the global distribution of carbonate rocks with some bias towards the latitudes of more developed countries. WoKaS database will ensure easy access to a large-sample of good quality datasets suitable for a wide range of applications: comparative studies, trend analysis and model evaluation. This database will largely contribute to research advancement in karst hydrology, supports karst groundwater management, and promotes international and interdisciplinary collaborations. Background & Summary Karst aquifers are essential sources of drinking water to about 10% of the world's population 1. In many regions across the globe, karst groundwater is also an indispensable resource for ecosystems, agriculture and, economic activities, as well as for tourism and recreation 2,3. For example, in Europe, 21.6% of the land surface is underlain by carbonate rock 4 which contributes up to 50% of supplied drinking water in some countries 5-7. However, groundwater flow in karst aquifers is characterised by a complex interplay of fast-flowing conduit and slow-flowing matrix systems 8,9. Hence, the storage capacity of karst aquifers is variable and systems are extremely vulnerable to climatic pressures, human impacts and contamination 10. In order to ensure adequate protection of karst water sources, in-depth hydrogeological knowledge is necessary. Large-scale modelling and comparative water resource research have shown the great value of large datasets in hydrology 11. Numerous studies have applied these large datasets for several purposes such as model evaluation, global parameter estimations, impact studies, statistical and comparative analyses. For instance, large-scale hydrological models such as WaterGAP 12 used discharge data from the Global Runoff Data Centre (https://www. bafg.de/GRDC) for parameter estimation. Likewise, streamflow data from the Model Parameter Estimation Experiment (MOPEX) 13 and the Global Runoff Data Centre (GDRC) were combined to derive global base flow indexes and recession constants 14. Streamflow observations of near-natural catchments obtained from UNESCO's European Water Archive (EWA) were used to investigate the streamflow trends across Europe and differentiated the impacts from climatic variability and anthropogenic dri...
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