In this paper an attempt was made to analyze some of the main indicators of the evolution of the welfare state in OECD countries between 1980 and 2016. In particular, an assessment was made to evaluate if the so-called Great Recession starting in 2008 led to a contraction of the social state. The analysis focused on three dimensions: social expenditure, funding, and effectiveness. The conclusion drawn was that the twenty-first century has been a period of expansion, both in terms of social expenditure and the catch-up of the latecomers. In particular, all traditional areas of social policy have expanded in tandem with a slight increase in "active" social policies. The rise in social expenditure has been financed by increasing taxation not thoroughly alien to progressivity principles. Overall, it has been translated into an increased effort for redistribution. However, inequality and poverty are advancing at a higher rate.
Has the welfare state undergone significant retrenchment in the aftermath of the 2007–08 crackdown? In the literature, two contrasting views can be found. Some commentators argue that expansions that would otherwise be observed during crises have been suffocated due to the imperative of austerity. Other more optimistic assessments see social investment policies as having been experimented with in various places, alongside widespread retrenchment. In this paper, using an Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) database for 35 countries, we check these assessments by examining aggregate figures, such as the evolution—over the 2007–13 period—of social spending and its composition, the participation of social spending in public expenditure, the tax burden and tax composition and welfare state effectiveness. We document expansion in the OECD area alongside stable performance. However, important challenges persist.
Há considerável fluidez na fronteira entre a atuação das empregadas domésticas e as atribuições exercidas pelas cuidadoras profissionais. Mas o quão distintas são estas categorias ocupacionais em relação ao seu perfil socioeconômico? Ao longo deste artigo, com base nos dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD), buscamos responder se, durante o período 2002-2015, esses dois grupos apresentaram maiores aproximações ou inflexões em suas características. A partir de cinco dimensões analíticas -características individuais, condições de trabalho, grau de proteção trabalhista e social, situação domiciliar e isolamento/pertencimento -, as estatísticas apresentadas neste trabalho sugerem uma aproximação ao longo dos anos entre o perfil das trabalhadoras domésticas e o das profissionais de cuidado. Essa afirmação é válida para praticamente todos os indicadores analisados. Ambas as ocupações são marcadas pela precariedade no trabalho: combinam baixo nível de remuneração e de proteção social com alta carga horária de trabalho remunerado, somada a extensas jornadas não remuneradas. Ademais, ambas atividades são majoritariamente exercidas por mulheres pretas e pardas. Singularmente, a escolaridade é a única característica socioeconômica que de fato diferencia os dois grupos, consideravelmente mais alta para as cuidadoras.Palavras-chave: Emprego doméstico. Cuidado. Cuidadoras. Mercado de trabalho. * As autoras agradecem os comentários das coordenadoras e participantes do GT 13 -Dinâmicas Demográficas e Trabalho do XV Encontro Nacional da Abet, seminário no qual versão preliminar deste trabalho foi apresentada, bem como as sugestões e comentários de dois/duas pareceristas anônimos(as) da Rebep.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.