The revised European Directive from 2013 regarding basic safety standard oblige EU Member States to establish a national action plan regarding the exposure to radon. At the same time, International Atomic Energy Agency started technical projects in order to assist countries to establish and implement national radon action. As a consequence, in recent years, in numerous countries national radon surveys were conducted and action plans established, which were not performed before. In this paper, a qualitative overview of radon surveys performed in Europe is given with a special attention to the qualitative and conceptual description of surveys, representativeness and QA/QC (quality assurance/quality control).
The analysis of water quality, regarding the content of metals, especially heavy and radioactive ones, has been carried out in an indirect way, by testing scale formed in a hot-water heater, using water from the water-supply network of the city of Belgrade – the district of New Belgrade. The determination of the composition and the structure of the scale has resulted in its complete identification, and its crystallochemical formula has been defined. It has unequivocally been established that the obtained results are within the tolerance boundary with the results acquired by a conventional analysis of water, when it is a matter of very low concentrations. The presence of radioactive elements of uranium and strontium in a scale sample has been found and the way of their penetrating its composition and structure has been explained. Applying the fractional extraction method, uranium has been established to be of an anthropogenic origin.
The activity concentrations of (40)K, (238)U, (232)Th and (137)Cs have been measured using a gamma spectrometric method in different samples from the environment of two mountains in Serbia (altitude 1000-1100 m), during the period 2002-2007. The mountains Maljen and Tara (popular tourist destinations) are near Belgrade. On mountain Maljen, samples were taken at 4 different altitudes (200 m, 650 m, 1000 m and 1100 m), and on mountain Tara at altitudes of 1000 m and 1100 m. On mountain Maljen it was found that the level of (137)Cs activity increased with altitude in samples of soil, grass, hay and cow, sheep and goat milk. On the contrary, (40)K activity decreased with altitude in samples of soil, grass and hay. The highest activity concentrations of (137)Cs were found in bioindicators: sheep meat, venison, wild boar meat, moss and mushrooms. These results indicate that (137)Cs is present in mountain region of Serbia even 20 years after the nuclear accident in Chernobyl. Deposition of (137)Cs was almost two times higher on the Maljen mountain compared to Tara mountain. An average annual dose arising from (137)Cs was 7.4 microSv due to ingestion of cow milk and 6.3 microSv due to ingestion of mushrooms at the Maljen mountain.
Doses from the exposure to outdoor radon are typically an order of magnitude smaller than those from indoor radon, causing a greater interest on investigation of the latter for radiation protection issues. As a consequence, assessment of radon priority areas (RPA) is mainly based on indoor radon measurements. Outdoor radon measurements might be needed to guarantee a complete estimation of radiological risk and may help to improve the estimation of RPA. Therefore, authors have analysed the available literature on outdoor radon to give an overview of outdoor radon surveys and potential correlation with indoor radon and estimation of RPA. The review has shown that outdoor radon surveys were performed at much smaller scale compared to indoor radon. Only a few outdoor radon maps were produced, with a much smaller density, covering a larger area, and therefore putting doubt on the representativeness of this data. Due to a large variety of techniques used for outdoor radon measurements and requirement to have detectors with a high sensitivity and resistance to harsh environmental conditions, a standardised measurement protocol should be derived. This is no simple endeavour since there are more applications in different scientific disciplines for outdoor radon measurements compared to indoor radon.
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