Physical and chemical characteristics of tomato hybrids pulp during frozen storageTomato requires freezing of pulp for further analyses due to its rapid deterioration. However, this process can result in considerable losses in composition. This study evaluated the physical and chemical features of frozen pulp of two tomato hybrids (Granadero and Tinto). The fruits were harvested at full maturity and crushed, afterwards. Samples were evaluated before freezing and every seven days during storage at -18°C for 28 days. Analyses were carried out in triplicate and moisture, soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), ascorbic acid (AA) and lycopene were evaluated, as well as the soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio (SS/TA) and pH. Generally, the values of pH and humidity did not differ (p>0.05) among the hybrids and throughout the freezing period. Freezing altered the pulp composition, since a decrease in the concentrations of SS, AT, AA and an increase in lycopene and SS/AT was observed throughout the storage period. The hybrid Granadero presented better results than Tinto, before and after freezing, but storage of the pulp of these fruits is not recommended for further analyses.
The chronic mild and unpredictable stress (CMS) protocol induces insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in rats. Regular physical exercise is an effective non-pharmacological tool for the treatment of disorders induced by stress. The aim was to evaluate the role of physical training on hormonal and metabolic changes triggered by CMS. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into: Control, Stress, Exercise, Exercise + Stress, submitted to CMS protocol or to 8-week treadmill training (50-70% of the maximal exercise test). In the 4 th , 5 th and 6 th wk, the animals were submitted to CMS protocol over seven days, repeating the procedures for 3 consecutive weeks. Two weeks after last stressor stimulus, blood and left ventricle were collected. Physical performance of animals submitted to the CMS was lower when compared to control animals, and physical training has not been able to alleviate this loss (p<0.05). The exercise prevented the development of metabolic changes induced by CMS, reducing hyperinsulinemia (Stress: 1.7±0.1 vs. Exercise: 1.4±0.1; Exercise + Stress: 1.3±0.1; Control: 1.4±0.0 ng/mL), insulin resistance index (Stress: 9.2±0.3 vs. Exercise: 7.1±0.2; Exercise + Stress: 5.8±0.2; Control: 8.1±0.2) and serum free fatty acids (Stress: 311.9±10.0 vs. Exercise: 193.0±16.7; Exercise + Stress: 251.6±14.16; Control: 190.1±17.3 mg/dL, p<0.05). In addition, it was also capable of reducing the cardiac concentration of serotonin (Stress: 3.1±0.1 vs. Exercise: 0.6±0.1; Exercise + Stress: 0.5±0.0; Control: 1.3±0.1 pg/g, p<0.05) of stressed animals (CMS). Physical training did not reduce the circulating concentration of noradrenaline (Stress: 603.7±52.2; Exercise: 83.8±10.8; Exercise + Stress: 748.9±46.1 vs. Control: 165.1±27.1 pg/mL) and serotonin (Stress: 1296.0±47.0; Exercise: 1196.0±68.1; Exercise + Stress: 1736.0±60.12 vs. Control: 619.8±79.6), which remained high in the groups submitted to the CMS (p>0.05). The results show that exercise improves metabolic losses triggered by CMS, but not the but not abnormal circulating levels of noradrenaline and serotonin, and suggest that physical training must be prescribed with caution to stressed individuals.
Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.): evaluation of their nanoparticles in an animal model of depressionThe objectives of this study were to characterize validated experimental models for the evaluation of depression in animals; to evaluate the viability of the development of turmeric nanoparticles from the zein encapsulation by the liquid-liquid dispersion method; to evaluate its possible antidepressant activity in rats submitted to the chronic mild and unpredictable stress procedure (CMUS), considered a predictive model for induction of depression. In the experimental protocol, 40 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups (n = 8 rats / group): chronic mild and unpredictable stress procedure + nanoparticles (CMUS + NANO), Nanoparticle + Control (NANO), chronic mild and unpredictable stress procedure + Vehicle (CMUS), chronic mild and unpredictable stress procedure + fluoxetine (CMUS + FLUOX), Control + Vehicle (CONTROL) being a filtered water vehicle, also used to resuspend the nanoparticles. The evaluation of anhedonia, considered key to CMUS measurement, confirmed that the protocol was effective in evaluating this behavior. In TNF, it was observed that the stressed groups showed higher values of immobility, a behavior similar to learned helplessness. The administration of nanoparticles (10 mg kg -1 ) prevented the elevation of corticosterone levels in rats submitted to the CMUS protocol. These data suggest that turmericcontaining zein nanoparticles may contribute to a possible neuroprotective action of this functional food in depression. In addition, it was verified that the encapsulation allowed the elaboration of nanoparticles with good characteristics, presenting high encapsulation efficiency and low polydispersion index
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