Foaming to reduce the density of geopolymeric materials is increasingly being reported in the literature as it has been shown to be effective in improving their insulating properties. However, there is no consistency in foaming methods and as such this study was performed to compare methods in order to better understand their effect on the properties of geopolymers. A surfactant and two chemical foaming agents

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h i g h l i g h t s Two artificial ageing processes well simulate outdoor patinas of as-cast bronze. Distribution of chemical elements are detailed according to exposure conditions.-Surface characterization with in situ FIB cross-section highlights decuprification phenomenon. Alpha (Cu) solid solution is anodic towards (alpha þ delta) eutectoid. Nano-porosities are evidenced within patinas according to corrosion process.