Photodynamic therapy (PDT) typically involves oxygen (O ) consumption and therefore suffers from greatly limited anticancer therapeutic efficacy in tumor hypoxia. Here, it is reported for the first time that amine-terminated, PAMAM dendrimer-encapsulated gold nanoclusters (AuNCs-NH ) can produce O for PDT via their intrinsic catalase-like activity. The AuNCs-NH not only show optimum H O consumption via the catalase-like activity over the physiological pH range (i.e., pH 4.8-7.4), but also extend such activity to acidic conditions. The possible mechanism is deduced from that the enriched tertiary amines of dendrimers are easily protonated in acidic solutions to facilitate the preadsorption of OH on the metal surface, thereby favorably triggering the catalase-like reaction. By taking advantage of the exciting feature on AuNCs-NH , the possibility to supply O via the catalase-like activity of AuNCs-NH for PDT against hypoxia of cancer cells was further studied. This proof-of-concept study provides a simple way to combine current O -dependent cancer therapy of PDT to overcome cancer cell hypoxia, thus achieving more effective anticancer treatments.

The rainbow pattern in KS is associated with the vascular lumen-rich histological subtype, is not manifest in the vascular lumen-poor subtype and disappears following total tumour removal. Therefore, the underlying structural arrangement of the vessels in KS may determine whether or not the rainbow pattern can be seen on polarized dermoscopy.

The most frequent dermoscopic patterns in Kaposi's sarcoma were found to be bluish-reddish coloration, the 'rainbow pattern', and scaly surface. The rainbow pattern is a dermoscopic feature which has not been previously described. We propose that dermoscopy, as an adjunct to clinical examination, may enhance accuracy in the preoperative diagnosis of Kaposi's sarcoma.

Our results indicate that FK506 inhibits TNF-alpha secretion in human KCs via direct regulation of NF-kappaB. This modulatory effect of FK506 on KCs offers a possible mechanism for how topical tacrolimus regulates cutaneous inflammatory conditions.