Post-cholecystectomy syndrome (PCS) is defined as a complex of heterogeneous symptoms, consisting of upper abdominal pain and dyspepsia, which recur and/or persist after cholecystectomy. Nevertheless, this term is inaccurate, as it encompasses biliary and non-biliary disorders, possibly unrelated to cholecystectomy. Biliary manifestations of PCS may occur early in the post-operative period, usually because of incomplete surgery (retained calculi in the cystic duct remnant or in the common bile duct) or operative complications, such as bile duct injury and/or bile leakage. A later onset is commonly caused by inflammatory scarring strictures involving the sphincter of Oddi or the common bile duct, recurrent calculi or biliary dyskinesia. The traditional imaging approach for PCS has involved ultrasound and/or CT followed by direct cholangiography, whereas manometry of the sphincter of Oddi and biliary scintigraphy have been reserved for cases of biliary dyskinesia. Because of its capability to provide non-invasive high-quality visualisation of the biliary tract, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) has been advocated as a reliable imaging tool for assessing patients with suspected PCS and for guiding management decisions. This paper illustrates the rationale for using MRCP, together with the main MRCP biliary findings and diagnostic pitfalls.

Little is known about the potential of restoration plantations to provide appropriate understory conditions to support the establishment of seeds arriving from neighboring native forests. In this article, we investigated how seedling establishment is affected in the understory of restoration sites of different ages and assessed some of the potential environmental factors controlling this ecological process. We first compared the density and richness of native tree seedlings among 10‐, 22‐, and 55‐year‐old restoration plantations within the Atlantic Forest region of southeastern Brazil. Then, we undertook a seed addition experiment in each study site, during the wet season, and compared seedling emergence, survival, and biomass on local versus old‐growth forest soil (transferred from a reference ecosystem), in order to test whether local substrate could hamper seedling establishment. As expected, the oldest restoration site had higher density and richness of spontaneously regenerating seedlings. However, seedling establishment was less successful both in the oldest restoration planting and using substrate transferred from a reference ecosystem, where emergence and survival were lower, but surviving seedlings grew better. We attribute these results to lower light availability for seedlings in the understory of the oldest site and speculate that higher incidence of pathogens on old‐growth forest soil may have increased seedling mortality. We conclude that the understory of young restoration plantations provides suitable microsite conditions at the early establishment phases for the spontaneous regeneration or enrichment planting of native trees.

Our results indicate that the use of growth regulators in microplants can lead to habituation and to different morphogenic pathways leading to potential niche establishment, depending on the positioning of the competent cells and their interaction with neighboring cells.

1RESUMO -Neste trabalho foram testadas diferentes concentrações de cloro ativo (NaOCl) na assepsia de explantes para o estabelecimento in vitro, bem como benzilaminopurina (BAP) e ácido naftalenoacético (ANA) para a multiplicação e alongamento de Eucalyptus benthamii x Eucalyptus dunnii. As minicepas fornecedoras de propágulos para introdução in vitro foram conduzidas em minijardim clonal sob sistema semi-hidropônico. Segmentos nodais dos clones H12, H19 e H20 foram desinfestados com 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; e 2,0% (v/v) de cloro ativo durante 10 min e inoculados em meio de cultura MS. Na obtenção de brotações múltiplas, utilizou-se o meio de cultura ½MS suplementado com 0; 0,25; 0,50; 0,75; e 1,0 mg L -1 de BAP. Na fase de alongamento, utilizou-se o meio de cultura ½MS com 0; 0,25; 0,50; 0,75; e 1,0 mg L -1 de ANA. Não houve interação entre os fatores estudados, obtendo-se 45%, 46% e 66% de estabelecimento do clone H12, H19 e H20, respectivamente. A concentração de BAP que resultou na maior proliferação de gemas axilares para o clone H12 aos 60 dias foi estimada na faixa de 0,25 e 0,30 mg L -1 . Aos 60 dias, a faixa entre 0,25 e 0,75 mg L -1 de ANA promoveu o maior número de brotações alongadas do clone H12.Palavras-chave: Assepsia, segmento nodal, ANA, BAP e sistema semi-hidropônico. 0, 0.25, 0.50, ½MS medium supplemented with 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 ESTABLISHMENT, MULTIPLICATION AND ELONGATION in vitro OF Eucalyptus benthamii Maiden & Cambage x Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden ABSTRACT -This work aimed to evaluate different concentrations of active chlorine (NaOCl) in explant asepsis for the establishment in vitro as well as of benzylaminopurine (BAP) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) in the multiplication and elongation of

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The difficulty and length of time required for seed germination of mate (Ilex paraguariensis), as well as the pressing need for clonal multiplication of improved genetic material, has resulted in several studies related to vegetative propagation in an effort to obtain rooted cuttings more quickly and with better genetic quality. Currently, the biggest challenge is propagating and rooting adult plants selected in the field without requiring clear cutting to generate conditions for the basal induction of juvenile sprouts. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop a method to rescue adult mate plants through the generation of epicormic sprouts. To accomplish this, tree branches of mate that were at least 19 years of age were collected and packed in trays with sand for sprouting. Different solutions containing a mixture of sucrose and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) were sprayed in branches at 29, 22, 15, 8 and 1 day(s) before collection. We conclude that the vegetative propagation of adult mate trees is technically efficient and requires no treatment with sucrose or IBA and results in the formation of plants suitable for planting or serving as mother plants for continuous multiplication via cloning.

Resumo -A micropropagação apresenta um enorme potencial de aplicação para a multiplicação de genótipos de espécies florestais brasileiras de interesse. Os estudos relativos ao cultivo in vitro de tais espécies estão relacionados, principalmente, a ausência de resposta morfogênica às demais técnicas de propagação bem como, a conservação in vitro de germoplasma. A micropropagação via proliferação de gemas axilares corresponde ao principal sistema de propagação in vitro utilizado para a multiplicação de genótipos selecionados, em razão da maior simplicidade ao comparar com a organogênese e embriogênese somática. Entretanto, em vista das espécies florestais nativas serem pouco estudadas, os avanços quanto a propagação in vitro ainda são poucos expressivos. Dessa forma, é necessária a condução de novos trabalhos para promover avanços do cultivo in vitro nestas espécies, bem como o desenvolvimento de novas composições de meios de cultura, testar a interação de reguladores de crescimento ou, até mesmo, sistemas de biorreatores, buscando assim, consolidar a técnica de micropropagação como estratégia aplicável na silvicultura de espécies nativas.

RESUMOO trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a técnica de miniestaquia na clonagem de Eucalyptus benthamii × Eucalyptus dunnii ao longo das estações do ano quanto à sobrevivência e enraizamento de miniestacas. As minicepas dos clones H12, H19 e H20 foram manejadas durante 352 dias em minijardim clonal sob sistema semi-hidropônico em leito de areia com solução nutritiva fornecida por gotejamento, efetuando-se 27 coletas sucessivas de brotações durante as quatro estações do ano (primavera, verão, outono e inverno). Mergulhou-se a porção basal da miniestaca durante 10 segundos em solução hidroalcoólica (1:1 v/v) de concentração de 2.000 mg L -1 de AIB. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado contendo cinco repetições e vinte miniestacas por repetição. O enraizamento das miniestacas variou conforme o clone e mostrou-se muito sensível às estações do ano e às oscilações da temperatura. Os melhores índices de enraizamento foram registrados nas estações mais frias onde variou de 19,59% a 56,20% e os menores nas estações mais quentes, com 4,62% a 8,50%. Os clones H19 e H20 apresentaram os maiores índices de enraizamento nas quatro estações do ano. Palavras-chave: clonagem; propagação vegetativa; sazonalidade; enraizamento. ABSTRACTThis study aimed to evaluate, throughout the seasons, the minicutting technique as a cloning method for Eucalyptus benthamii × Eucalyptus dunnii hybrids regarding minicutting survival and rooting. The ministumps of H12, H19 and H20 clones were cultivated during 352 days in a clonal minigarden in a semihydroponic system in a sand bed, where the nutritive solution was supplied by drip irrigation. During the experiment, 27 successive minicutting samplings were performed in 4 seasons of the year: spring, summer, autumn and winter. The minicutting basal portion was immersed in hydro-alcoholic solutions containing 2,000 mg L -1 of IBA during 10 seconds. The experiment was conducted using an entirely randomized design with 5 replications and 20 minicuttings per replication. The minicutting rooting varied in function of the clone and presented high sensitivity to seasonal and temperature variations. The best rooting indices occurred in the cooler seasons (19.59% to 56.20%) and the lowest in warmer seasons (4.62% to 8.50%). The H19 and H20 clones presented the greater indices for rooting in all 4 seasons.