Nós propomos apresentar aqui quatro documentos de J. Piaget publicados em uma revista pedagógica. Trata-se de um veículo semanal do Sindicado Nacional de Professores e Professoras da França e das colônias: a Eco-le Libératrice. A revista se anuncia como sendo um programa de ação dos profes-sores para defender os interesses de sua profissão e da escola (Lapierre, 1929, p. 1). Assim, ela aparece como uma arma para a liberação da escola, do homem e da criança. Instrumento de cultura geral, a Ecole Libératrice aspira ao desenvolvi-mento dos valores, unindo o bonito ao útil, o conhecimento ao bem, a justiça à verdade. Contra toda ortodoxia, quer seja no plano sindical, político, científico ou pedagógico, esta revista se vê um veículo de ligação entre os professores e um meio de compreensão da alma dos outros povos. Nenhum domínio lhe seria estranho: literatura, ciência, sociologia e pedagogia.
RÉSUMÉ
L'évolution de la prise de conscience de la nature profonde de la pensée scientifique
pourrait être symbolisée, très schématiquement, par trois devises, dont chacune réinterprète
d'une certaine manière et rectifie la précédente. On a d'abord proclamé qu'il n'y avait de
science que de l'universel; puis, qu'il n'y avait de science que du mesurable. Nous devrions
dire aujourd'hui : il n'y a de science que du structurable. Profession de foi qui ne récuse
nullement les deux précédentes, mais les relativise, et donne un sens nouveau à l'universel
et au mesurable. C'est de cette manière qu'il conviendrait, me semble-t-il, de reconnaître
le rôle et la place des modèles qualitatifs dans la pensée scientifique.
Scientific knowledge and lack of judgment in « Bouvard et Pécuchet ».
The story of scientific knowledge failures — failures due to a lack of judgment — takes place on three stages: among the inhabitants of Chavignolles, stage of human stupidity; among the half-real world of the two fellows; and then, as in a glimpse, in the author mind. We analyse more specifically the mentality features, the meaning of their failure and the evolution towards the final resolution which we wry to interpretate as Flaubert's expression of ambiguity.
On Epistemology.
Epistemology, in the continental meaning of "Philosophy of the Sciences" has no direct effects indeed on the advancement of science. But it has an interest, which we propose to suggest, applying epistemology to the case of the social sciences. First, the idea of epistemology as a philosophical discipline, in contradistinction to a science, of the sciences is brought out. Then the specific character of the social sciences qua sciences is analysed, particularly with respect to the notion of explication. In a third section, fact and object in the sciences of man are examined, with a special view to characterize the nature and function in this domain of the concept of structure. The last two sections are devoted to the problem of the status of logical organisation and of normativity in those sciences.
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