The antimicrobial activities of aqueous (cold and hot) and ethanolic extracts of leaf stem bark and root of Cyathula prostrata were investigated against some human clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, and Candida albicans using the Agar well diffusion method at extract concentration of 25mg/ml. Ciprofloxacin(5μg/ml) and Fluconazole (20μg/ml) drugs was used as positive reference standards to determine the sensitivity of the strains. Results obtained showed that all the test isolates were inhibited by various fractions of the leaf, root and stem bark extracts. The antimicrobial activities of the different plant parts were not significantly different (P<0.05), though the greatest activities were observed with the ethanolic fractions (14.0-25.5 mm), followed by the hot water (12.0-24.2 mm) and cold extracts (13.0-18.5 mm). An inhibition range of 24.0-25.5mm and 28.5mm were observed from ciprofloxacin and fluconazole drugs respectively. The percentage susceptibility of the most sensitive bacterial isolate (E. coli,) was 95.9% while the least (K. pneumoniae) had 40.0% sensitivity. Candida albicans had a percentage susceptibility of 57.5%. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranged between 400 and 800μg/ml. The observed phytochemical compounds were saponins, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides and steroids. This study has justified the applications of Cyathula prostrata in the traditional herbal medicines and therefore holds a promise as a potential source of novel broad spectrum drug for treating infectious diseases. [J Intercult Ethnopharmacol 2012; 1(1.000): 35-43
In Nigerian communities, melons seed shells are generated as waste after utilization of the pulp for economic and domestic purposes. In an attempt to derive wealth from these wastes, we decided to investigate the microbial and nutritional qualities of spontaneously fermented melon seed shells. The pulverized melon seed shells were spontaneously fermented in shake flask for a period of five (5) days at ambient temperature (30 ± 2 o C). The final product was then analyzed for microbial, proximate, mineral, and anti-nutrient qualities. The microbial load decreased from 10
Aim/Background: Colletotrichum destructivum is one of the most important causes of anthracnose disease of cowpea leading to a great reduction in their production and yield potentials. The constant application of chemicals to control these phytopathogens poses potential threats to human health and the environment. Potential non-chemical control strategy such as the use of botanicals would be a better alternative. Botanicals are readily available, safe, efficacious and eco-friendly. This study was undertaken to investigate the potentials of Cyathula prostrata and Diodia scandens leaf extracts to control the in vitro mycelial growth and sporulation of C. destructivum, causal agent of anthracnose disease of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp). Methods: The leaves of both plants were air dried, pulverized, and the fine powder extracted by conventional maceration techniques using aqueous solution. Prepared concentrations (40-100%) of the extracts were then tested against the in vitro mycelial growth and spore germination of the purified test pathogen (C. destructivum) isolated from infected cowpea pods. Benomyl (3%) was used as reference fungicide drug. Results: It was observed that the extract treatments at 60, 80 and 100% significantly (P<0.05) inhibited the mycelial growth and sporulation of the fungal pathogen in a concentration dependent pattern. D. scandens leaf extract treatment was more effective than C. porstrata extract, and its effect on the pathogen’s sporulation at 100% after 3hours was greater (P> 0.05) than that of benomyl fungicide (3%). Conclusion: These findings suggest that C. prostrata and D. scandens leaf extract have the potentials as veritable control agents of anthracnose disease of cowpea in Africa. [J Intercult Ethnopharmacol 2013; 2(1.000): 29-36
This study was undertaken to evaluate the in vivo anti-diarrhoeal activity of methanolic stem bark extract of Dialium guineense used traditionally as remedy for gastrointestinal disorder in South- Western Nigeria. The effect of the extract at oral dosesof 50-200 mg/kg body weight on the castor oil-induced diarrhoea, gastrointestinal motility (charcoal meal) and castor oil-induced intestinal fluid accumulation (enteropooling) were examined in rats. The extract employed produced a dose dependent and significant (P<0.05) reduction (32.30 - 80.81%) in the watery nature and frequency of faecal droppings over 4hours, while loperamide gave 85.81% reduction. On gastrointestinal motility and enteropoolings, the extract also dose-dependently reduced (P<0.05) the small intestinal transit of charcoal meal (28.90 - 45.54%) and intestinal fluid volume (46.27 - 73.88%) in amanner comparableto 5mg/kg each of atropine (58.20% motility time inhibition) and loperamide (76.12% enteropooling inhibition). The acute toxicity and lethality studies on the extract revealed an oral LD50 value greater than 5000 mg/kg in mice. The phytochemicals detected in the extract were cardiac glycosides, tannins, phlobatannins, saponins, terpenoids, resins, steroids/triterpenes, alkaloids, flavonoids, reducing sugars and carbohydrates.The findings from this study suggest that methanolic extract of D. guineense stem bark possesses antidiarrhoeal property, probably by anti-secretory mechanism and thus, substantiate the traditional application of the bark extract in the treatment of diarrhoea in Nigeria. [J Intercult Ethnopharmacol 2012; 1(2.000): 105-110
Salmonella species is one of the most significant food-related pathogens of public health concern, whose leading vehicles of transmission to humans are chicken products. Hence, this study investigated the occurrence of Salmonella in chicken meat in correlation to their retailing equipment/environments of open markets located in Warri, Benin City, Akure and Ado-Ekiti metropolis (Southern Nigeria). A total of 680 samples comprising raw chicken carcass (n = 240 muscle tissues), rinsing water (n = 60), hovering houseflies (n = 200) and swabs from retailing table (n = 60), cutting knives (n = 60) and meat storage containers (n = 60) were collected and analysed using standard techniques. Salmonella was recovered in 105 samples, presenting a prevalence rate of 15.4% (105/680). Rinsing water (40.0%) had the highest rate, followed by chicken carcass and retailing table (16.7%), storage containers (18.3%), hovering flies (9.0%), and then cutting knives (3.3%). The prevalence of Salmonella was highest in Benin City samples (24.7%; P<0.05), followed by Warri samples (15.9%), Ado-Ekiti (11.9%) and Akure (9.4%) being the least. The mean Salmonella counts (CFU/mL) per sample revealed that Benin City (0.09 × 102 - 5.49 × 106) yielded the highest Salmonella load, followed by Warri (0.00 - 6.11 × 105), Ado-Ekiti (0.00 - 5.49 × 104) and Akure (0.00 - 3.02 × 104). These findings suggest that the occurrence of Salmonella in commercial chicken meat is still high in most of the study locations and the rinsing water, tables and storage containers could be potential transmission routes. Adequate thermal treatment measures are recommended before consummation of commercial chicken meat within the regions.
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