Piano-stool iron complexes with N-heterocyclic
carbene (NHC) ligands have shown high potential in the activation
and conversion of CO bonds in aldehydes, ketones, and esters.
Here we demonstrate the expansion of this activity to the functionalization
of CO2 with amines to form N-formamide
products in the presence of a silane (PhSiH3). This synthetically
valuable utilization of CO2 as C1-synthon is catalyzed
by iron complexes containing a variety of different NHC ligands. Structural
variations of the NHC ligands did not reveal any correlation with
catalytic activity, with imidazole and triazole-derived NHCs reaching
similar conversions. However, the use of BF4
– as counterion in cationic complexes, and also incorporating a Cp*
instead of a Cp spectator ligand led to a marked decrease in catalytic
activity. While NHC iron complexes reach mediocre activity (about
50% conversion at 5% catalyst loading in 24 h), the corresponding
imidazolium and triazolium carboxylates as precursors of free carbenes
display excellent catalytic activity with essentially full conversion
after 1 h at 1 mol % loading. Experiments at variable iron complex
loading as well as carbene trapping experiments with S8 together with spectroscopic investigations demonstrated a high stability
of the Fe–CNHC bond during catalysis and lend strong
support to a NHC iron unit as catalytically active species rather
than free NHC resulting from Fe–NHC dissociation, even though
free NHCs are excellent catalysts for this reaction. Optimized of
reaction conditions, in particular the addition of another equivalent
of silane allowed to reach high conversions of piperidine and CO2 to N-formylpiperidine using a triazolylidene
iron complex as catalyst precursor.
The chemistry of N-heterocyclic carbenes with Earth-abundant manganese has largely focused on low-valent systems for reductive catalysis. Here, we have decorated imidazole- and triazole-derived carbenes with phenol substituents to access...
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