In this review we cover recent developments in fluorescent and colorimetric anion sensors. These systems employ a range of different non-covalent interactions including hydrogen-and halogen-bonding, Lewis acidic boron-based sensors, metal-based sensors, charged systems, compounds that use anion-pi interactions to stabilise complexes, photoswitchable systems, the use of excimers and molecular logic gates in sensing. Recent developments in anion-selective chemodosimeters are also surveyed.
A family of acyclic squaramide receptors (L1-L5) have been synthesised with the aim to bind anions in competitive solvent mixture and to evaluate how the presence of different heteroatoms on...
A new family of bis-ureidic receptors (L(1)-L(6)) has been synthesised. The binding properties of L(1)-L(6) towards different anions (acetate, benzoate, glutarate, malonate, dihydrogen phosphate, hydrogen pyrophosphate, triphosphate, AMP and ADP) have been studied by means of (1)H-NMR, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopies and a remarkable affinity for HPpi(3-) has been observed in the case L(3) (in DMSO-d6 and DMSO-d6-5% H2O) which also acts as a fluorimetric chemosensor, even to the naked eye, for this anion. Theoretical calculations helped us explain the binding properties observed.
Simple isophthalamides/dipicolineamides as active transmembrane anion transportersEight N,N´-diarylisophthalamide/dipicolineamide derivatives have been synthesized and fully characterized, both in solution and in the solid state. The transmembrane anion transport properties of these compounds have been studied by chloride-selective electrode and fluorescence experiments. The substitution pattern of the aromatic moieties determines the transport properties of these systems, with those containing electron-withdrawing groups in their structures being the most active ones of the series.
Ion channels and transporters typically consist of biomolecules that play key roles in a large variety of physiological and pathological processes. Traditional therapies include many ion-channel blockers, and some activators, although the exact biochemical pathways and mechanisms that regulate ion homeostasis are yet to be fully elucidated. An emerging area of research with great innovative potential in biomedicine pertains the design and development of synthetic ion channels and transporters, which may provide unexplored therapeutic opportunities. However, most studies in this challenging and multidisciplinary area are still at a fundamental level. In this review, we discuss the progress that has been made over the last five years on ion channels and transporters, touching upon biomolecules and synthetic supramolecules that are relevant to biological use. We conclude with the identification of therapeutic opportunities for future exploration.
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