Objective. To assess burnout level during an outbreak ofCOVID-19 and to identify influencing factors between frontlinenurses and nurses from other wards. Methods. This crosssectional study makes comparison between two groups of nursesincluding frontline (exposure group) and other nurses working inusual wards (non-exposure group) in Torbat Heydariyeh city, Iran.Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI), Job stress questionnaire(JSQ), and questionnaires of hospital resources, family support,and measuring the fear of COVID-19 were used as researchinstruments. Results. The scores of job stress and burnout inthe exposure group with COVID-19 infection were significantlyhigher than in the non-exposure group (p=0.006 and p=0.002,respectively). Although, in univariate linear regression, employmentstatus (p=0.047), experience in taking care of patient confirmed  or suspected with COVID-19 infection (p=0.006), hospital resources (p=0.047), and job stress(p<0.001) were considered as significant risk factors for COVID-19-related burnout. In multivariateregression analysis, job stress (p=0.031, β=0.308) was considered as an only factor that hasa significant relationship with COVID-19-related burnout. Conclusion. The burnout level infrontline nurses was higher than other nurses, the most important influencing factor was the jobstress. Regarding to negative effects of burnout on both physical and mental health nurses, it issuggested that a strong strategy be considered to reduce nurses’ burnout to be able to controlongoing and future outbreaks successfully.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) spread rapidlyaround the world. Two types of approaches have beenapplied to use of face masks as a tool to prevent the spreadthis disease in society. The aim of the systematic reviewwas to assess the effectiveness of face masks against thenovel coronavirus. A literature search was performed usingdifferent databases until April 30, 2020. Search termswere ‘facemasks’, ‘novel coronavirus’, and ‘healthcareworkers’. Five studies were included in the systematicreview. A study stated that no difference between surgicaland cotton masks. Also, two studies have emphasized theuse of surgical masks or N95 respirators by medical staff,and two other studies emphasized the use of any type offace mask by general public. More studies in controlledcontexts and studies of infections in healthcare andcommunity places are needed for better definition of theeffectiveness of face masks in preventing coronavirus.

Introduction:Mental stress amongst pre-hospital Emergency Medical Services (EMS) workers is an iceberg phenomenon; owing to unique occupational stressors faced by them. This study was aimed to examine the mental health status of pre-hospital EMS workers and its correlation with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Work Environment Scale (WES). Methods:This cross-sectional study incorporated 224 emergency EMS members from urban and road EMS bases in eastern Iran in 2018. General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian version (PTSD-C), and Work Environment Scale (WES) were used as research instruments. Data were analyzed via SPSS Statistics software (version 21); while p<0.05 was considered significant. Results:The mean age of participants was 31.91±6.9 years; 36(16.1%) had PTSD ≥50, which increased with age (p-0.01), number of offspring (p-0.022) and time working at the EMS (p-0.002). Mean WES scores were 73.41±12.27; with a significant impact of marital status (p-0.007), the number of offspring (p-0.023), qualification (p-0.019) and less time working at the EMS (p-0.008). Mental distress was recorded in 89(39.7%) individuals. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that members at higher risk of mental distress were; those with associate's degree (adjusted OR 3.192; 95% CI, 1.456-6.998), individuals with 1 or 2 offspring (adjusted OR 2.03; 95% CI, adjusted OR 3.380; 95% CI, respectively), and those with PTSD equal or higher than 50 (adjusted OR 2.504; 95% CI, 1.063-5.903), with a reverse impact of WES (p>0.05). Conclusion:PTSD adversely affected mental health and clinical performance of the subjects; while work-place environment augmented working spirit as well as psychological resilience. Strategies aiming at stress-dilution and improvements in a professional environment cannot be over-emphasized.

Objectives The aim of this study was to analyse the thermal discomfort of outdoor environments in two climates of Iran using physiological equivalent temperature (PET), predicted mean vote (PMV) indices and Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). Methods In this study, the meteorological data recorded by the meteorological organisation in a 15‐year period, including temperature, air velocity, cloudiness, relative humidity and water vapour pressure, in two different climates of Iran were surveyed. According to classification of the Köppen, Arak as a representative of a semi‐arid and cold climate and Bandar Abbas as a representative of a hot and dry climate were used to calculate thermal indices. The PMV index was based on the ASHRAE 7‐point thermal sensation scale, and the values of PMV and PET indices were extracted using Rayman1.2 software. The values of the UTCI were calculated using BioKlima 2.6 software. Results The results showed that the maximum and minimum temperatures in two climates were related to July and January, respectively. In Arak, the means of the UTCI, PET and PMV indices were 14.41 ± 11.5, 15.81 ± 1.23 and −0.77 ± 2.15, respectively. In Bandar Abbas as well, the mean of the UTCI, PET and PMV indices were 22.56 ± 9, 22.73 ± 7.7 and 0.73 ± 7.7, respectively. In Arak, there was moderate heat stress to moderate cold stress in this region, whereas in Bandar Abbas, the days had a strong heat stress to low cold stress. There are very strong correlations between the indices used for two different climates. Conclusion The bioclimatic comfort indices used were able to demonstrate the comfort and discomfort of people during different months of the year in two surveyed climates, and despite trivial differences, they provided relatively uniform representations of climate comfort for surveyed cities. Using thermal comfort indices, high‐risk areas can be identified, and appropriate measures can be adopted to reduce the effects of the changes.

Background: Children under five years old are the most vulnerable in home-injuries. More than half of the accident happens at home. Intervention programs are effective ways to reduce the risk of injuries. The use of cultural strategies has been recommended for effective interventions. The aim of this study was to evaluate cultural adaptability in interventional studies which were performed to prevent injuries caused by domestic accidents in children under five years old in all countries. Methods: This systematic review has been conducted from June to July 2016. Iran Medex, Magiran, SID from Persian databases and Scopus, Web of Science, Science direct, Pub Med, Biomed central from English databases were employed. Available cultural adaptation guidelines were used to compare the cultural adaptation strategies. A search of studies had been conducted from the creation of databases until July 2016. Results: Overall, 15 studies were entered into the analyses. The interventional approach in 11 studies was an educational approach. Consequently, 8 studies from 11 reported that they had significantly achieved all expected outcomes. Three studies had used behavioral change models or theories to achieve the desired changes. Seven studies had considered socio-cultural strategy in their interventions, and six studies had reported achieving outcomes. Only seven studies acquired a minimum score of cultural adaptation. Conclusion: In this systematic review, an educational intervention was effective in preventing child injuries. If cultural strategies are taken into consideration in interventions, they will have a change in behavior in this regard. Also, theoretical frameworks and models can be effective.