Factors influencing climate change perceptions have vital roles in designing strategies to enrich climate change understanding. Despite this, factors that influence smallholder farmers' climate change perceptions have not yet been adequately studied. As many of the smallholder farmers live in regions where climate change is predicted to have the most negative impact, their climate change perception is of particular interest. In this study, based on data collected from Ethiopian smallholder farmers, we assessed farmers' perceptions and anticipations of past and future climate change. Furthermore, the factors influencing farmers' climate change perceptions and the relation between farmers' perceptions and available public climate information were assessed. Our findings revealed that a majority of respondents perceive warming temperatures and decreasing rainfall trends that correspond with the local meteorological record. Farmers' perceptions about the past climate did not always reflect their anticipations about the future. A substantial number of farmers' anticipations of future climate were less consistent with climate model projections. The recursive bivariate probit models employed to explore factors affecting different categories of climate change perceptions illustrate statistical significance for explanatory variables including location, gender, age, education, soil fertility status, climate change information, and access to credit services. The findings contribute to the literature by providing evidence not just on farmers' past climate perceptions but also on future climate anticipations. The identified factors help policy makers to provide targeted extension and advisory services to enrich climate change understanding and support appropriate farm-level climate change adaptations.

Human resource management in agriculture and associated risks are under-researched topics. To identify the sources of human resource management risks confronting dairy farms, gain insights into how dairy farmers perceive the impacts of these risks, and identify control strategies, four focus group discussions were held with dairy farm managers. Managers' perceptions served to develop a framework for the analysis of human resource management risks in agriculture and derive recommendations for reducing these risks. Results of this study have been used to tailor educational programs for farmers and suggest strategies for future research.

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This study was aimed to investigate salt tolerance of two grapevine cultivars, ‘Chenine Blanc’ and ‘Canonannon’ through in vitro propagation on medium containing different concentrations of NaCl. Single-node shoots were cultured on MS with 1.0 mg/l BAP in combination with 0.1 mg/l IBA and containing 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00 or 1.50% NaCl. NaCl free medium was used as control. Shoots of both cultivars were cultured on the same MS containing 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 or 1.00% CaCl2 to reduce hyperhydricity. The shoots were transferred to rooting medium followed by acclimatization in greenhouse. Number and length of shoots and roots, number of leaves and nodes, length of nodes, fresh and dry weight of roots and shoots decreased significantly in consistent trend as the concentration of NaCl increased. ‘Canonannon’ cultivar was found to be significantly more tolerant to NaCl than ‘Chenine Blanc’ in all parameters. The lowest percentage of hyperhydric shoots were obtained on medium containing 0.25% CaCl2. Therefore, ‘Canonannon’ cultivar can be planted in relatively saline soils as it is more tolerant to salt than ‘Chenine Blanc’. Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 30(1): 47-56, 2020 (June)

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