Modified gradient-echo MR techniques were applied to study the effects of inflow on functional brain imaging studies using visual and motor cortex stimulation. The results demonstrate that the large signal changes, seen in previously reported gradient-echo studies at 1.5-2.0 T, are dominated by direct inflow effects, in particular when using a large flip angle and a thin slice. The findings suggest that inflow-based functional imaging, along with Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) functional MRI, may play an important role in future research towards the functional organization of the human brain.

ORS can be used in MSI to limit the selected spatial-spectral region and contribute to metal artifact reduction in clinically feasible scan-times while avoiding slice aliasing.

The ripple artifact is an important limitation of gradient selection based MSI techniques, and can be understood using the presented simulations. At a scan-time penalty, slice overlap effectively addressed the artifact, thereby improving image quality near metal implants.

It is shown that the maximum average-data-collection-speed (ADCS) of multisection 2D hybrid-RARE sequences is independent of TR and TEeff, and a monotonically increasing function of echo-train-length (ETL). This result was used in the design of an optimized T1-weighted hybrid-RARE sequence that produces 20 images of the abdomen in 31 s divided into four breath-hold periods. The resulting ADCS is 58 lines in k-space per second. Twenty-four subjects (2 healthy volunteers and 22 patients) were imaged with a protocol that also included: (a) breath-hold T1-weighted FLASH which acquires data at 34 lines in k-space per second (49 s scan time), and (b) T1-weighted conventional spin-echo (9:44 minutes scan time) with respiratory compensation. The experiments show that this T1-weighted-hybrid-RARE sequence has: (1) a level of T1 weighting that is comparable with the conventional sequences, (2) very low vulnerability to susceptibility artifacts, (3) high data acquisition efficiency, and (4) higher SNR than T1-weighted-FLASH. In conclusion, the T1-weighted-hybrid-RARE sequence described herein is an efficacious and reproducible technique for rapid imaging of the upper abdomen during suspended respiration.