No abstract
This article analyzes ownership restructuring and changes in corporate control in four large Latin American countries—Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico—during the 1990s. Drawing on original firm‐level data, this is a comparative study aimed at identifying cross‐country differences and regularities. It focuses on transactions associated with privatizations and private mergers and acquisitions (M&As)—their evolution, relative importance, and sectoral incidence—as well as the role played by different types of investors: local, foreign, and joint ventures. A specially built database was used in the analysis, comprising 3,085 private M&As and 329 privatization transactions. Although similar to processes occurring elsewhere, it is argued that ownership restructuring in Latin America was facilitated and fostered by specific changes in policy‐associated institutional framework conditions. That is, the wide‐ranging process of ownership restructuring is strongly associated with economic liberalization, which has become the main feature of Latin American national regimes of incentives and regulation.
RESUMODiversos estudos, em diferentes países, têm buscado verificar a associação existente entre a diversificação de negócios e o desempenho corporativo. Essencialmente, três modelos têm sido testados para descrever essa associação: o modelo linear, o modelo curvilíneo ('U invertido') e o modelo intermediário. Esse trabalho tem por objetivo estudar esta possível relação a partir de evidências empíricas que dizem respeito às empresas industriais brasileiras. Usando dados de companhias de capital aberto no período 1997-2001, procedeu-se a uma análise de painel por meio dos métodos de Efeitos Fixos e Efeitos Aleatórios. Os dados não apresentaram aderência suficiente para aceitar a existência de um efeito positivo entre estratégias de diversificação e desempenho, seja linearmente seja exponencialmente. Assim, o modelo que apresentou melhor grau de ajuste aos dados foi o modelo curvilíneo por meio das formas funcionais quadrática e cúbica, o que sugere a existência de pontos em que os custos marginais da diversificação superam os benefícios marginais e vice-versa. Porém a relação mostrou-se indefinida, não sendo possível concluir se ocorre sob a forma de 'U' ou de 'U invertido'. Os principais resultados obtidos na pesquisa apóiam algumas evidências empíricas encontradas em outros países emergentes.Palavras-chave: estratégias corporativas; diversificação; desempenho financeiro. ABSTRACTSeveral studies, in different countries, have been investigating the relationship between diversification of businesses and corporate performance. Basically, three models have been tested to describe that relationship: the linear model, the curvilinear model ('inverted U'), and the intermediate model. This paper focuses on theme, using the Brazilian industrial companies as the empirical evidence. The study scrutinizes the performance of enterprises that were listed in the São Paulo Stock Exchange in the period 1997-2001, via a panel analysis through the methods of Fixed Effects and Random Effects. The data didn't show enough adherence to accept that a positive relationship exists between diversification strategies and performance, neither lineally nor exponentially. The model that showed a better adjustment degree was the curvilinear model (through the quadratic and cubic functional forms) that can be interpreted as an evidence about the existence of points in which the marginal costs of diversification overcomes the marginal benefits and viceversa. However, the relationship was shown indefinite; it was unable to conclude if the real shape is similar to an 'U' of an 'inverted U'. The main results obtained in the research support some empirical evidences found in other emerging countries.
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