In this paper, the importance of women in decision-making at family level in Patna City (Bihar, India) has been studied in detail. The status of women in society is a significant indicator of the socio-economic development of a region. The crucial parameters regarding women, such as their freedom of movement, involvement in family matters, the decision in the purchase of home assets and family planning, etc. are chosen to ascertain the degree of women empowerment in the study area. On the basis of these variables, the womens’ decision-making index (DMPI) has been calculated to determine the socio-economic status of women in their respective families. The study is based on primary data collected from 500 women having the age between 18 to 60 years in Patna city using stratified sampling method. The present report also examines some important features and autonomous factors which usually affect womens’ decision-making ability at the family or domestic level. In the study area, it was found that the power of women in decision-making was historically limited primarily due to patriarchal ideology. The study reveals that about 45% of the women enjoyed equal status in the family with regard to taking various decisions. The educational level and employment status of women was observed to be the most important factor determining their empowerment and involvement in decision making in all spheres of domestic life.
Noise is generally defined as the unwanted sound produced by various natural or man-made sources such as construction, industrial, transportation activities etc. Noise can have many adverse effects such as hearing impairment, sleep disturbance, interference with speech and communication, reduced performance, annoyance and harming physiological functions. In India, the permissible noise level for different areas is laid down by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). Lucknow city, one of the major urban centres of Uttar Pradesh, has a population around 28 lakh according to Census, 2011. This huge number of people contributes significantly in the increasing levels of noise and, therefore, creates an alarming state of noise pollution. This paper aims to study the growing noise level trends in the city, analyse the average sound levels to ascertain the status of ambient noise levels and recommend suitable preventive measures. The data used for substantiation has been drawn from the reports of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board (UPPCB). Microsoft Excel software has been used for tabulation and graphical representation of data while ArcGIS 10.3 software has been used for the cartographical representation.
Pregnancy is a time of increased vulnerability for the development of anxiety and depression because there are profound physiological and emotional changes in the mother during this period. Depression and anxiety are the most common psychiatric disorders during pregnancy and the symptoms can range from mild to severe. The study aimed to identify the prevalence of depression and its associated risk factors among pregnant women. A descriptive cross-sectional research was conducted among 414 pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at BPKIHS through Systematic Random Sampling. Data were collected by interview technique using standardized and validated Edinburgh Postnatal Depression (EPDS) tool and Self-administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive and binary logistic regression in SPSS version16. The prevalence of antenatal depression among the study population was 24.2 %. Antenatal depression was significantly associated with religion, gender of previous child, mode of previous delivery, fear of current pregnancy and complication, previous abortion, preferred sex of current child. Antenatal depression was 4 times more among the respondents having female child than male child (AOR= 4.135, CI: 1.146-14.924). Likewise, respondents who have the history of abortion were 4 times more likely to develop Antenatal depression (AOR=4.063, CI: 0.386-42.720). Similarly, respondents with the history of fear related to pregnancy complication were 3 times higher to develop Antenatal depression (AOR= 2.973, CI: 1.447-6.107).The study revealed that nearly 1/4th of the respondents had developed depression during antenatal period. Antenatal depression was higher among the respondents having the history of fear related to pregnancy, abortion and having previous male child. Therefore, screening pregnant women for depression during ANC visits and the provision of mental health education counseling services is recommended to mitigate the adverse health outcome of the problem.
The study aimed to identify whether social media visual advertisements can engage and influence individuals during the pandemic period. Further, it also aims to identify the important factor influencing an individual in social media visual advertisements in the awareness campaign. From the results obtained through analysis, it can be interpreted that most of them agree and strongly agree that visual advertisements in social media influence them to engage some of their time perceiving the content. Further from the mean score, it can be well interpreted that most agree and strongly agree that visual advertisements in social media influence their decision. Also, it was found that quotes, timing of advertisements, picture presentations, and celebrities are the most influencing factor in visual advertisements in the awareness campaign.
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