This article presents 4 stages in the development of career guidance and counseling in education settings in Shanghai, People's Republic of China, from 1977 (after the Cultural Revolution) to 2015, with an economic–political perspective. In the 1st stage (1977–1992), job allocation was implemented by the government as a mandatory regulation to meet the pressing demands for trained professionals in various industries. In the 2nd stage (1993–1999), job allocation was replaced by vocational guidance as a service. In the 3rd stage (2000–2011), there was a growth in career education, mainly in colleges. The 4th stage (2012–2015) witnessed the boom of career counseling with the focus transferring to secondary schools. This article ends with a discussion of the future model of career guidance and counseling in Shanghai.
a questionnaire investigation of academic staff and teaching administrators at Shanghai Normal university and Shanghai Fisheries university shows that the evaluation of the standards of undergraduate teaching work has had positive effects on teaching work and that setting up an evaluation system is an effective measure for assuring the quality of higher education. the study also reveals some of the characteristics of the evaluation's effects: teaching administrators are more positive about the evaluation than academic staff; the effects of the evaluation on teaching and teaching administration are greater than their effect on students' Translation
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