RESUMO -O estudo investigou a transmissão intergeracional das práticas educativas parentais em 30 mães e 22 pais, cujo primeiro filho tinha 3 anos. Os participantes responderam a entrevistas sobre as práticas educativas recebidas dos genitores e as utilizadas com o filho. Análises quantitativa e de conteúdo foram realizadas, categorizando-se as práticas em indutivas, coercitivas e não interferência. Os resultados indicaram tanto a manutenção das práticas recebidas, sejam elas indutivas, coercitivas ou de não interferência, como mudanças no tipo de prática utilizada devido a características do casal e da criança. Discute-se que as práticas educativas envolvem um processo dinâmico entre pais e filhos, sendo a transmissão intergeracional não linear e influenciada por fatores que não apenas a reprodução de padrões aprendidos.Palavras-chave: práticas educativas parentais, padrões intergeracionais, relações familiares, relações pais-criança Transmission of Childrearing Practices between Generations:Empirical EvidenceABSTRACT -This study investigated the transmission between generations of childrearing practices of 30 mothers and 22 fathers, whose first child was 3 years old. Participants were interviewed about childrearing practices they had themselves received from their parents and those they used with their children. Quantitative and content analyses were realized with childrearing practices categorized as inductive, coercive and non-interfering. Results showed continuity of received practices, whether they were inductive, coercive or non-interfering, as well as changes in the used practices due to characteristics of the couple or the child. Childrearing practices seem to comprise a dynamic process between parents and children, with a nonlinear transmission between generations, and affected by factors other than reproduction of learned patterns. O conceito de família tem passado por constantes modificações decorrentes das transformações sociais e culturais da sociedade pós-moderna (Fonseca, 2005), bem como a concepção de criança e seu espaço na família (Biasoli-Alves, 1997). Todavia, por se tratar do primeiro meio social do qual o indivíduo participa, a família ainda tem entre suas tarefas fundamentais o processo de socialização, através do qual a criança deve adquirir comportamentos, habilidades e valores apropriados à sociedade em que está inserida (Biasoli- Alves, 1997;Nichols & Schwartz, 1998;Steinberg, 2000).Para cumprir o papel de agentes de socialização dos filhos 3 , os pais 4 se utilizam de diversas estratégias e técnicas, chamadas práticas educativas parentais (Hoffman, 1975(Hoffman, , 1994Newcombe, 1999). Hoffman (1975Hoffman ( , 1979Hoffman ( , 1994 propõe a classificação das práticas educativas parentais em duas categorias distintas: as estratégias indutivas e as estratégias de força coercitiva. Ambos os tipos de estratégia têm por função comunicar à criança o desejo dos pais de que ela mantenha ou modifique seu comportamento (Alvarenga & Piccinini, 2001).3 Os termos "filho" e "filhos" serão utilizados...

A brincadeira é uma atividade presente na vida de crianças em diversas culturas, possuindo papel importante no desenvolvimento das mesmas. Apesar disso, tal importância nem sempre é reconhecida pelos adultos, os quais priorizam na educação das crianças aspectos cognitivos formais e apresentam uma dificuldade em visualizar a relação existente entre brincadeira e desenvolvimento. A psicologia evolucionista tem voltado seu olhar para o brincar por este caracterizar-se como adaptado e adaptativo da espécie, contendo aspectos filogenéticos e ontogenéticos. Tal abordagem busca estudar as possíveis relações entre cultura e filogênese no desenvolvimento deste comportamento. Dessa forma o objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar o brincar a partir do referencial teórico da psicologia evolucionista, bem como seu conceito e suas características. Além disso, são apresentadas as relações entre o brincar, os tipos de brincadeira e as diferenças de gênero. A brinquedoteca é apresentada como um possível espaço no qual esse comportamento pode ser estimulado e valorizado.

This study aimed to investigate characteristics of Brazilian mothers' beliefs system, in the dimensions of autonomy and interdependence. A group of 600 women, half from state capitals and half from small towns, participated in the study. They were individually interviewed with Scales of Allocentrism, Beliefs about Parental Practices and Socialization Goals. Paired and Independent samples t tests and Multivariate GLM were performed. The results indicate that although mothers from both contexts value autonomy, mothers inhabiting small towns considered the relational dimension as the most important; whereas mothers inhabiting capitals valued equally both dimensions, either in their beliefs about practices or in the socialization goals for their children. Mothers from small towns have a higher mean score for allocentrism than mothers living in capitals. Thus, place of residence proved to be a relevant variable in the modulation of maternal beliefs. Educational level was not a significant factor in the variables considered and with this group of mothers. The study results are discussed in terms of their contribution to the understanding of the complex relationship between dimensions of autonomy and interdependence in mothers' beliefs system.

Objective: to evaluate and compare the sociodemographic characteristics, depressive symptoms, anxiety and perceived stress of formal and informal caregivers of elderly people with Alzheimer's disease. Method: Quantitative, cross-sectional and comparative study with 44 caregivers that were divided into two groups of 26 informal caregivers (IC) and 18 formal caregivers (FC). The Instrument for Characterization of the Caregiver, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) were applied. Results: Of those IC, the majority were women (96.2%), mean age of 52.9 years, majority represented by sons (daughters) (65.4%). They presented, on average, depressive symptoms (10.1%), anxiety symptoms (11.5%) and scored 32.1 in the PSS. The FC group, the majority were women (94.4%), mean age of 45.2 years were not related to the elderly people (66.7%). They presented, on average, depressive symptoms (7.1%), anxiety symptoms (6.4%) and scored 31.7 in the PSS. Conclusion: Similarities were shown in the sociodemographic aspects, but the groups differ in the health profile, revealing an alert for the planning of interventions looking for health promotion and disease prevention. Implications for practice: The study contributes to the improvement of the caregivers´ quality of life.

ResumoO presente estudo teve como objetivo construir e validar uma escala de crenças parentais e práticas de cuidado na primeira infância para o contexto brasileiro. Após a construção teórica dos itens, a versão final da escala foi aplicada em dois estudos com populações distintas (estudo preliminar -250 mães; estudo final -600 mães), visando avaliar a frequência de comportamento e o grau de importância atribuído às práticas. Para as análises psicométricas, foram realizadas: análise fatorial e o cálculo da consistência interna. Em ambos os estudos a análise fatorial resultou em dois fatores, sendo o primeiro denominado "cuidados primários" e o segundo "estimulação". Os alfas de Cronbach apresentaram-se satisfatórios, variando de 0,68 a 0,83. Os resultados do estudo demonstraram a validade e precisão da escala, a qual poderá ser utilizada em futuras pesquisas, bem como em práticas de intervenção familiar, principalmente durante os primeiros anos de vida das crianças. Palavras-chave: Crenças parentais, Práticas de cuidado, Escala. Construction and validation of the Parenting Beliefs and Caring PracticesScale for the early childhood AbstractThis study aimed to develop and validate a scale of parenting beliefs and caring practices in the early childhood in Brazilian contexts. After the theoretical construction of items, the final version of the scale was administered in two studies with different samples of mothers (preliminary study N=250; final study N=600), assessing the frequency of each behavior and the degree of importance attributed to the practices. The psychometric analyses used for the validation of the scale were: factorial analysis and calculation of internal consistency. In both studies, the factorial analysis resulted in two factors: the first was called "primary care" and the second "stimulation". The Cronbach's coefficient properties were satisfactory, ranging from .68 to .83. The results demonstrated the validity and reliability of the scale, which can be used for future studies and intervention practices with families, especially during children's early years. Keywords: Parenting beliefs, Caring practices, Scale.O 1 conjunto de relações estabelecidas entre pais e filhos é permeado por necessidades distintas, porém complementares, como o cuidado, a educação e a promoção do desenvolvimento infantil. Tais imperativos resultam em um conjunto característico de comportamentos ou práticas, que em geral são nomeadas de diferentes formas na literatura, como por exemplo: práticas de cuidados, cuidados parentais, práticas parentais, práticas educativas e estilos parentais. Estão presentes também termos referentes às cognições parentais, como crenças, idéias e valores parentais.1 Endereço para correspondência:Departamento de Psicologia da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina -Campus Universitário Trindade -88040-900 -Florianópolis -SC E-mail: maurolvieira@gmail.com A diversidade de conceitos utilizados parece fornecer indícios da coexistência de diferentes concepções sobre a parentalidade humana em momentos ...

Mothers’ beliefs about their practices in different Brazilian contexts were investigated in this study. A sample of 350 primiparous Brazilian mothers from seven cities, each from one of the five geographic regions of the country, participated in this study. As part of a major project, mothers answered an inventory concerning their beliefs about practices of child care and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Factorial analysis revealed three factors, named Proper Presentation (the importance mothers attribute to parental practices oriented by socially accepted daily rules), Stimulation (the importance attributed by mothers to practices that stimulate their children’s development), and Responsiveness and Bonding (the importance attributed by mothers to the immediate responses to children’s needs and to a bond of intense proximity and protection).The sample studied valued most Proper Presentation, followed by Stimulation. Less importance was attributed to Responsiveness and Bonding. Mothers’ educational level was a predictor of scores on Stimulation, and fathers’ educational level was a predictor of scores on Proper Presentation. Some regional differences were identified regarding Proper Presentation. A general model that encompasses aspects of socialization for group interaction and also cognitive and social stimulation seems to be shared by mothers of the different geographic regions of the country. This model is influenced by educational level and cultural conditions. Future studies need to address the development of instruments to analyze Brazilian parental cultural models and the implications of these models to children’s development.

We investigated associations among social class, parents' work experiences, and their childrearing values in a sample of mothers and fathers drawn from southern Brazil, testing Kohn's hypothesis that parents who experience greater decision-making autonomy at work and who perceive their jobs to be more complex will be more likely to value self-direction and less likely to value conformity in their children. We also tested the hypothesis that the relation between social class and values would be mediated by workplace experiences. Participants included 68 parents (38 mothers, 30 fathers; 46 working class, 22 middle class) of 36-month-old children who were part of a longitudinal study. Correlation analyses revealed few associations among social class, workplace experiences, and child-rearing values among the mothers, but among the fathers these variables associated in the expected direction. The results also indicated that workplace experience mediates the relation between social class and values, although only for fathers. Our findings supported Kohn's hypothesis regarding differences between social-class groups and highlighted that the relation between work experience and parental values varied by parents' gender. Social and cultural issues regarding work context and parental values between women and men in southern Brazil are discussed.Many scholars have argued that there is a link between parents' social-class background and their child-rearing values, with the majority of the relevant research conducted in the United States (

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