In PCs, the number of arithmetic operations, the comparator is a vital equipment unit, consisting of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Another procedure, referred to as Quantum Cellular Automata (QCA) will supplant the CMOS outlines, having leverage concerning zone, control utilization, and latency. The primary QCA circuits planned with the inverter and majority voter entryways. In this paper, we utilize the clocking method 180 out of phase clock crossover to outline the 1-bit comparator and compare with the current outcomes.The new proposed wire crossing plan lessens the quantity of cells required to configuration, power and area necessities. Additionally, we planned 2-bit comparator having 11 majority gates (voters), 2 number of crossovers with 0.38 µm 2 area, 203 number of cells. The designed 1-bit comparator contrast and the past outcomes where cells, region, delay demonstrates 53.57 %, 50 % and 33.32 % improvement respectively.
Unlike conventional power systems where harmonic resonances are coming from passive capacitive elements, large-scale power electronic systems like wind farms present a more complex system, where the fast dynamics of the power electronic converters may present an inductive or capacitive behavior. Therefore, the interactions between the fast controllers of the power converters and the passive elements may lead to harmonic instability and new resonances at various frequencies. This paper presents an optimum design technique for the Wind Turbine (WT) inner controllers in a PMSG based wind farm in order to reduce the number of resonances and to mitigate harmonic instability. In the approach, a PMSG based wind farm is modeled as a Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) dynamic system by modeling the high bandwidth control loops of the power converters. Resonance frequencies and oscillatory modes of the wind farm are identified based on the MIMO matrix. Afterwards, a multi objective optimization procedure based on Genetic Algorithm (GA) is proposed to put the oscillatory modes of the wind farm in suitable locations in order to minimize the number of the resonances and to guarantee a stable operation of the wind farm. A 400 MW wind farm is studied in the PSCAD/EMTDC software environment to confirm the validity of the proposed optimum design technique.
There is no common accepted way for calculating the valve power loss of modular multilevel converter (MMC). Valve power loss estimation based on analytical calculation is inaccurate to address the switching power loss and valve power loss estimation based on detailed electromagnetic simulation is of low speed. To solve this problem, a method of valve power loss estimation based on the detailed equivalent simulation model of MMC is proposed. Results of valve power loss analysis of 201-level 500MW MMC operating at 50Hz~1000Hz are presented. It is seen that the valve power loss of a MMC increased by 12, 40 and 93 % under 200Hz, 500Hz and 1000Hz operating frequency. The article concludes that in a device with isolated inner AC system, MMC operating at higher frequency will be more competitive than typical 50Hz/60Hz MMC with moderate increase of operating power loss and significant reduction of the size of the AC components.
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