The aim of this review was to evaluate whether CBCT is reliable for the detection of root fractures in teeth without root fillings, and whether the voxel size has an impact on diagnostic accuracy. The studies published in PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus, CNKI and Wanfang up to May 2014 were the data source. Studies on nonroot filled teeth with the i-CAT (n = 8) and 3D Accuitomo CBCT (n = 5) units were eventually selected. In the studies on i-CAT, the pooled sensitivity was 0.83 and the pooled specificity was 0.91; in the 3D Accuitomo studies, the pooled sensitivity was 0.95 and pooled specificity was 0.96. The i-CAT group comprised 5 voxel size subgroups and the 3D Accuitomo group contained 2 subgroups. For the i-CAT group, there was a significant difference amongst the five subgroups (0.125, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3 and 0.4 mm; P = 0.000). Pairwise comparison revealed that 0.125 mm voxel subgroup was significantly different from those of 0.2, 0.25 and 0.3 mm voxel subgroups, but not from the 0.4 mm voxel subgroup. There were no significant differences amongst any other two subgroups (by α' = 0.005). No significant difference was found between 0.08 mm and 0.125 mm voxel subgroups (P = 0.320) for the 3D Accuitomo group. The present review confirms the detection accuracy of root fractures in CBCT images, but does not support the concept that voxel size may play a role in improving the detection accuracy of root fractures in nonroot filled teeth.
Software refactoring is to restructure the internal structure of object-oriented software to improve software quality, especially maintainability, extensibility and reusability while preserving its external behaviours. According to predefined refactoring rules, we may find many places in the software where refactorings can be applied. Applying each refactoring, we may achieve some effect (quality improvement). If we can apply all of the available refactorings, we can achieve the greatest effect. However, the conflicts among refactorings usually make it impossible. The application of a refactoring may change or delete elements necessary for other refactorings, and thus disables these refactorings. As a result, the application order (schedule) of the available refactorings determines which refactorings will be applied, and thus determines the total effect achieved by the refactoring activity. Consequently, conflicting refactorings had better be scheduled rationally so as to promote the total effect of refactoring activities. However, how to schedule conflicting refactorings is rarely discussed.In this paper, a conflict-aware scheduling approach is proposed. It schedules refactorings according to the conflict matrix of refactorings and effects of each individual refactoring. The scheduling model is a multi-objective optimisation model. We propose a heuristic algorithm to solve the scheduling model. We also evaluate the proposed scheduling approach in non-trivial projects. Evaluation results suggest that refactoring activities with the scheduling approach lead to greater effect (quality improvement) than refactoring activities without explicit scheduling.
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