A relative increase in indices of medial compartment loading was observed in the leg undergoing APM compared with the contra-lateral leg from before to 12 months after surgery. This increase may contribute to the elevated risk of knee OA in these patients. Randomized trials including a non-surgical control group are needed to determine if changes in joint loading following APM are caused by surgery or by changes in symptoms.
Objective: Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a soluble tumour necrosis factor-receptor-like molecule present in connective tissues, especially bone and vasculature. It is known to accumulate in the arterial wall in diabetes. As its synthesis in vascular cells is decreased by insulin, we wanted to elucidate the acute effects of insulin on plasma OPG concentrations in individuals with type 2 diabetes and obese individuals compared with lean controls. Design: The study population consisted of ten type 2 diabetic, ten obese subjects, and ten lean subjects with no family history of diabetes. Methods: All subjects underwent a 4-h euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. Plasma OPG, insulin, lactate, HbA1c, cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids (FFA), and glucose disposal rate were measured before and at the end of the clamp. Results: Baseline OPG concentrations did not differ significantly between groups. Insulin infusion decreased plasma OPG concentrations in all groups (P!0.01); however, the fall in OPG was 50% less in obese and type 2 diabetic individuals (PZ0.007). Baseline OPG correlated with fasting insulin, baseline lactate, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol in the diabetic group, and with baseline FFA in the lean group. The relative change of OPG in response to insulin correlated inversely with HbA1c and baseline FFA in the lean group. Conclusions: Acute hyperinsulinemia decreases plasma OPG, but with diminished effect in individuals with type 2 diabetes and obesity. Increased levels of OPG in arteries and plasma in diabetes together with the capability of plasma OPG as a cardiovascular risk predictor may be related to the described effects of insulin.European Journal of Endocrinology 161 95-101
Data are presented for Thysanoessa inermis, T. longicaudata, T. raschii, Nematoscelis megalops, Thysanopoda acutifrons, and Nyctiphanes couchii obtained from horizontal samples taken on a monthly basis at six depths. Thysanoessa spp. and N. megalops have a one-year life cycle and no individuals have been recognized which have completed a second year. Spawning seems to occur in spring! early summer, probably slightly later in T. raschii than in the other three species. T. acutifrons is considered to have a two-year life cycle, in deeper water, with the possibility of spawning again at three years of age; the spawning season is in early summer, a little later than the other species. N. couchii is an irregular visitor. Successive generations, particularly of T. inermis where recruitment and mortality are described mathematically, can show marked differences in abundance.Growth of all species, and of Meganyctiphanes norvegica, is expressed in a single expression, the only variable being the asymptotic length. The values of the constants for T. acutifrons are rather different.
INTRODUCTION AND MATERIAL
Reports on long-term complications resulting from treatment for localized prostate cancer are very inconsistent. In order to estimate the risks of long-term erectile dysfunction, urine symptoms and bowel symptoms following prostatectomy (RP), external conventional or conformal beam radiation (ERT or CRT) and brachytherapy (BRT), 98 papers from the PubMed and Cochrane Clinical Trial databases were selected, reviewed and critically evaluated. The majority of papers were institutionbased retrospective and prospective follow-up studies; only two of these studies measured the risk of developing more than one treatment complication. Due to differences in study designs and populations, it is difficult to directly compare studies and not meaningful to calculate summary estimates. In addition to focusing on randomized clinical trials and well-designed population based studies, future research should adopt standardized methodologies and should measure the risk of developing more than one treatment complication.
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