The increased use of diagnostic and interventional radiology, in association with prompt surgical treatment, appears to be the way to improve survival rates in cases of arterial bleeding. Venous bleeding due to lesion of major peripancreatic veins or diffuse bleeding represents a therapeutic challenge, and treatment of these conditions should be tailored to the individual case, as no general rule can be suggested. In extreme cases, open packing or salvage emergency pancreatectomy may represent the only chances for survival.

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Total arterialization of the liver appears to be a promising clinical method in preventing or reducing encephalopathy after shunting. A new technique for achieving total arterialization of the liver in rats in described and illustrated. This method is fast, simple, and associated with a high patency rate, even in the hands of relatively inexperienced microsurgeons. It can be recommended as an experimental model for additional studies in rats.