Extracellular matrix (ECM) is essential for all stages of angiogenesis. In the adult, angiogenesis begins with endothelial cell (EC) activation, degradation of vascular basement membrane, and vascular sprouting within interstitial matrix. During this sprouting phase, ECM binding to integrins provides critical signaling support for EC proliferation, survival, and migration. ECM also signals the EC cytoskeleton to initiate blood vessel morphogenesis. Dynamic remodeling of ECM, particularly by membrane-type matrix metalloproteases (MT-MMPs), coordinates formation of vascular tubes with lumens and provides guidance tunnels for pericytes that assist ECs in the assembly of vascular basement membrane. ECM also provides a binding scaffold for a variety of cytokines that exert essential signaling functions during angiogenesis. In the embryo, ECM is equally critical for angiogenesis and vessel stabilization, although there are likely important distinctions from the adult because of differences in composition and abundance of specific ECM components.T he extracellular matrix (ECM) provides a critical framework for angiogenesis through structural support and also by conferring molecular signals essential for all stages of blood vessel formation, including vascular sprouting, lumen formation, vessel maturation, and ultimately vessel stabilization. In addition, ECM provides an immobilizing scaffold for cytokines that are important for angiogenesis. Thus, by providing basic structural support, direct signaling functions, and scaffolding for cytokines, ECM exerts fundamental control over angiogenesis. Moreover, the established functional complexity of ECM together with known mechanisms available for dynamic ECM remodeling suggest that ECM is capable of exerting precise control over all aspects of angiogenesis and blood vessel maturation.This article is divided into four parts: (1) Overview of angiogenesis and ECM in the adult; (2) key functions of ECM during angiogenesis; (3) distinctions between the composition of embryonic and adult ECMs, including implications for the involvement of specific integrins in angiogenesis; and (4) ECM remodeling during vascular tube formation and stabilization. The scientific literature on ECM and angiogenesis is vast, and it is therefore impossible to cover this topic completely in a single article. Thus, rather than striving for an exhaustive review of
Given new distribution patterns of the endangered North Atlantic right whale (NARW; Eubalaena glacialis) population in recent years, an improved understanding of spatio-temporal movements are imperative for the conservation of this species. While so far visual data have provided most information on NARW movements, passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) was used in this study in order to better capture year-round NARW presence. This project used PAM data from 2004 to 2014 collected by 19 organizations throughout the western North Atlantic Ocean. Overall, data from 324 recorders (35,600 days) were processed and analyzed using a classification and detection system. Results highlight almost year-round habitat use of the western North Atlantic Ocean, with a decrease in detections in waters off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina in summer and fall. Data collected post 2010 showed an increased NARW presence in the mid-Atlantic region and a simultaneous decrease in the northern Gulf of Maine. In addition, NARWs were widely distributed across most regions throughout winter months. This study demonstrates that a large-scale analysis of PAM data provides significant value to understanding and tracking shifts in large whale movements over long time scales.
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