[Purpose] The aim of the present study was to evaluate the immediate effects of
transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and functional electrical stimulation (FES)
on activity of the tibialis anterior muscle (TA) and static balance of individuals with
hemiparesis stemming from stroke. [Subjects and Methods] A randomized, double-blind,
crossover, clinical trial conducted with 30 individuals with chronic post-stroke
hemiparesis. Median frequency of electrical activity of the TA were determined using
electromyography in five contractions concentrics and Static balance (body sway velocity
and frequency), both before and immediately after the intervention. The participants were
submitted to four 20-minute intervention protocols with 48-hour interval: anodal tDCS +
sham FES; sham tDCS + active FES; anodal tDCS + active FES and sham tDCS + sham FES.
Anodal tDCS was administered over C3 or C4, the cathode was positioned in the supraorbital
region on the contralateral side and FES was administered to the affected TA.
[Results] No significant differences among the protocols were found
regarding electrical activity of the TA and static balance. [Conclusion] The results
demonstrate that tDCS alone or in combination with FES had no immediate effect on
electrical activity of the TA and static balance of the 30 individuals analyzed.
This study describes the cardiac size and function of patients with sickle cell anaemia, in Segipe, Brazil, and its association to the clinical severity, duration of illness and haemoglobin levels. Heart measurements were obtained by echocardiography from 38 children and adolescents and compared to international reference values. Sickle cell patients had increased left atrial and ventricular dimensions in systole and an increased end diastolic septal and left ventricular free wall thickness. These findings correlated with age. There were no abnormalities in the ejection or shortening fractions. These results suggest early haemodynamic changes with progressive cardiac chamber dilation and diastolic dysfunction that become increasingly abnormal with growth.
Cobalt(iii) complexes of the type [CoIII(chel) (OH) (H,O)], where chel is a tetradentate conjugated cheiating ligand, react in water with CO yielding, in the pH range [CoI1(chel)]. Formation of [CoIII(chel) (C0,H)-(H,O)] through nucleophilic attack of OHon the intermediate [ColI1(chel) (CO) (OH)] is assumed. The carboxyderivative decomposes yielding CO, and [CoI(chel)]species which, in turn, gives [CoII(chel)] by different reaction paths depending on pH of the solution. The same mechanism operates for the complex with the 2,3,9.10tetramethyl-1.4.8.11 -tetra-azaundeca-1.3.8.1 O-tetraen-1 1 -01-1 -olato anion(tn) up to pH 8. In more alkaline solution (pH 13) the corresponding carbonyl derivative [CoI(chel) (CO)] can be isolated. With all chel complexes investigated the reaction in alkaline solution appears to be autocatalytic. Mono-and di-organometallic derivatives can be prepared by the same reaction in the presence of organic halides.THE equatorial ligands bound to cobalt in the complexes (1)-(IV) have a marked influence on the electronic, thermodynamic, and kinetic properties of the axial positions, compared with conventional ligands.I n these complexes the central metal atom is part of a conjugated system with a delocalised electronic structure, which changes the effective charge on the metal and the nature and energy of the orbital localised mainly along the x axis.As a consequence, the relative stability of the formal oxidation states is profoundly modified and the bonding properties of the axial positions give rise to stable cobaltcarbon bonds.The thermodynamic effects of the equatorial ligands can be quantified by the equilibrium constants of substitution reactions a t the axial positions. The extent of this effect is such that the co-operative cisand translabilisation results in the preferred formation of fiveco-ordinate cobalt (111) .2-4Finally the kinetic cis-effect can be shown even in cobalt(zI1) derivatives by the very fast exchange of the axial ligands, in marked contrast to the well known inertness of conventional cobalt (111) complexes.Earlier papers have shown that all the above effects are sensitive to the nature of the equatorial ligand.lF5This paper is devoted to the investigation of the mechanism of carbonyl co-ordination in the axial positions which takes place in the insertion and reduction react ions.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONReactions with Carbon Monoxide.-All cobalt (111) complexes ( 1)-(IV) of the type [CoII*(chel) (H20),] +, where chel is one of the tetradentate chelating agents, were found to react with carbon monoxide at room temperature and atmospheric pressure in alcohol or water over a wide range of pH (4.--13).7 t In the range of pH considered the dissociation products [Co1I1(chel) (OH) (Hz0)lo and [ColI1(chel) (OH),]have to be considered as possible reacting species.
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