Abstract:We had the 30-year anniversary since a VCSEL was invented by Kenichi Iga, Tokyo Institute of Technology. We have seen various applications including datacom, sensors, optical interconnects, spectroscopy, optical storages, printers, laser displays, laser radar, atomic clock, optical signal processing and so on. A lot of unique features have been proven, low power consumption, a wafer level testing and so on. In this paper, the brief history and our recent research activities on VCSEL photonics will be reviewed. We present the wavelength engineering of VCSEL arrays for use in high speed short-reach systems, which includes the wavelength integration and wavelength control. The joint research project on ultra-parallel optical links based on VCSEL technologies will be introduced for high speed LANs of 100 Gbps or higher. The small footprint of VCSELs allows us to form a densely packed VCSEL array both in space and in wavelength. The wavelength engineering of VCSELs may open up ultra-high capacity networking. Highly controlled multi-wavelength VCSEL array and novel multi-wavelength combiners are developed toward Terabit/s-class ultrahigh capacity parallel optical links. In addition, the MEMS-based VCSEL technology enables widely tunable operations. We demonstrated an "athermal VCSEL" with avoiding temperature controllers for uncooled WDM applications. In addition, new functions on VCSELs for optical signal processing are addressed. We present an optical nonlinear phase shifter based on a VCSEL saturable absorber and the tunable optical equalization function.Also, highly reflective periodic mirrors commonly used in VCSELs enables us to manipulate the speed of light. This new scheme provides us ultra-compact intensity modulators, optical switches and so on for VCSEL-based photonic integration. Also, this paper explores plasmonic VCSELs. Vol.6, No.11, 651-672 nol. Lett., vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 946-948, Aug. 1999 Commun., vol. 208, pp. 173-182, July 2002. [28] H. Kawaguchi, Y. Yamayoshi, and K. Tamura, "All-optical format conversion using an ultrafast polarization bistable vertical-cavity surfaceemitting laser," Proc. CLEO 2000, CWU2, pp. 379-380, 2000. namic behavior of an all-optical inverter using transverse-mode switching in 1.55-μm vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers," IEEE Photon.
Effects of organic carboyl compounds on brightening and electrochemical behavior were studied in the electrodeposion of tin from acid sulfate bath. Electrochemical polarization measurements, potential sweep voltammetry and scanning microscopy were applied. Among the compounds examined, benzalacetone was the best additive for the brightener, and its adsorption on electrode in an acidic solution was ascertained through cyclic voltammetry.
We demonstrated the 1.1 μm-band 16 channel vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) array for multi-core fiber (MCF) transmission towards co-packaged optics. Single-mode 16-ch top and bottom emitting VCSEL arrays were fabricated by either 3-inch or 6-inch wafer foundry process. The thermal crosstalk is estimated by wavelength shift. When the distance between adjacent VCSELs is 40 m, the total thermal crosstalk is as low as 7K. Bottom emitting metal-aperture VCSEL array were also fabricated via a full 3-inch wafer process. It shows low resistance and good single mode characteristic with an oxidation aperture of 7 μm thanks to an intra-cavity metal aperture. A large mode field diameter of 6 μm enables low coupling loss between bottom VCSEL array and MCF through a GaAs substrate for a flip-chip bonding process.
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