An efficient procedure has been developed for inducing somatic embryogenesis and regeneration of plants from tissue cultures of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Thin transverse sections (thin cell layer explants) of different position in the shoot apex and leaf sheath of oil palm were cultivated in Murashige and Skoog (MS) (Physiol Plant 15:473-497, 1962) medium supplemented with 0-450 µM picloram and 2,4-D with 3.0% sucrose, 500 mg L −1 glutamine, and 0.3 gL −1 activated charcoal and gelled with 2.5 gL −1 Phytagel. Embryogenic calluses were evaluated 12 wk after inoculation. Picloram (450 µM) was effective in inducing embryogenic calluses in 41.5% of the basal explants. Embryogenic calluses were maintained on a maturation medium composed of basal media, plus 0.6 µM NAA and 12.30 µM 2iP, 0.3 gL −1 activated charcoal, and 500 mg L −1 glutamine, with subcultures at 4-wk intervals. Somatic embryos were converted to plants on MS medium with macro-and micronutrients at half-strength, 2% sucrose, and 1.0 gL −1 activated charcoal and gelled with 2.5 gL −1 Phytagel.
The Southwestern Region of the Brazilian Amazon is formed by forests dominated by bamboos. The genus Guadua is endemic to the Americas, and little is known about the genetic diversity and structure of species of this genus. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity and structure of two native Guadua species in natural populations in the Southwestern region of the Brazilian Amazon. Therefore, the genetic diversity and structure of Guadua aff. chaparensis and Guadua aff. lynnclarkiae were evaluated with the use of microsatellite molecular markers (SSR). It was verified that the average genetic diversity for the populations studied was considered high (=0.5) compared to other species of bamboo. All populations had rare and private alleles, and none of them presented significant values of inbreeding. The populations were divergent (ST Ĝ = 0.46), resulting in a low apparent gene flow. The Bayesian analysis showed that among the 350 individuals analyzed, five groups (K=5) were formed, with little similarity among the groups (Populations), although two of them presented clonal individuals. According to the results obtained, it can be conclude that populations should be treated as having unique characteristics, mainly when accessed for management and for in situ and ex situ conservation studies.
Uncaria guianensis is native to the Amazon and is used traditionally as an anti-inflammatory. Natural populations of the species have declined markedly in recent times because of strong anthropic pressure brought about by deforestation and indiscriminate collection. The aim of the present study was to assess the genetic and chemical diversity among eight natural populations of U. guianensis located in the Brazilian states of Acre, Amapá and Amazonas. A set of four primer combinations was employed in sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) amplifications of leaf DNA, and the fragments were analyzed in an LI-COR model 4300 DNA Analyzer. Genetic variability within the populations (81%) was substantially greater than that detected between them (19%). The highest percentage of polymorphic loci (90.21%) and the largest genetic variability were observed in the population located in Mazagão, Amapá. Genetic differentiation between populations was high (Fst = 0.188) and the studied populations formed three distinct genetic groups (K = 3). The population located in Assis Brasil, Acre, presented the highest average content of the mitraphylline (0.60 mg/g dry weight,). However, mitraphylline and isomitraphylline not detected in most individuals in the studied populations, and it is questionable whether they should be considered as chemical markers of the species. The genetic data confirm the urgent need for conservation programs for U. guianensis, and for further studies aimed at ascertaining the genetic basis and heritability of alkaloid accumulation.
There has been increasing interest in the use of bamboo for a variety of purposes. In the western Amazon region, specifically in the state of Acre, Brazil, native bamboo (Guadua weberbaueri Pilg.) grows in great abundance, which calls attention to its possible sustainable exploitation. Thus, this project aims to perform the anatomical characterization of the culms, leaves and roots of G. weberbaueri in different environments, both inside and along the border of a forest. For the analysis, samples were collected from culms, leaves and roots at the Zoobotanical Park of Federal University of Acre, and permanent slides were visualized by optical microscopy. We observed that the vascular bundles of the central leaf veins were wider in leaves from the border of the forest than in those from inside the forest. In contrast, the study of root anatomy showed differences in the diameter measurements of the xylem vessel elements, which were larger in those inside the forest than those from the border of the forest. The vascular bundles of culms did not present a difference, although a new characteristic found in this species is described.
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