In this study we provide the first data regarding community parameters of leaf-litter anurans inhabiting a forest floor in the state of Paraná, southern Brazil, including information on community species richness, composition, specific density and biomass. Our study was conducted at Salto Morato Natural Reserve using forty plots of 4 x 4 m for each one of the four seasons (winter, spring, summer and autumn), totaling 2.560 m² of forest floor sampled. We sampled a total of 96 frogs inhabiting the forest floor, belonging to seven species: Brachycephalus hermogenesi (Giaretta & Sawaya, 1998), Ischnocnema guentheri (Steindachner, 1864), Haddadus binotatus (Spix, 1824), Leptodactylus gr. marmoratus, Physalaemus spiniger (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926), Proceratophrys boiei (Wied-Neuwied, 1824), and Rhinella abei (Baldissera, Caramaschi & Haddad, 2004). The overall frog density in the forest floor was 3.73 ind/100m², with I. guentheri (1.37 ind/100 m²) being the most common species and R. abei (0.19 ind/100 m²), the rarest. The estimated overall frog mass in the community was 3.29 g. The abundance, richness and density varied consistently among the four seasons sampled, with the highest values occurring in the spring and summer seasons
An investigation about the application of Acoustic Emission (AE) techniques to analyze the dynamic response of different cracked shafts rendered in bump tests is presented in this work. The experimental apparatus devised for this work complies of six shafts with different transverse crack sizes and a high-frequency data acquisition system. The AE signals generated in the bump tests performed on the different cracked shafts are captured by a wideband AE transducer. Those signals are treated by using statistical moments, wavelet transforms, and frequency-and time-domain procedures. A transverse crack of predetermined depth is etched into each shaft. The experimental results show that the values of kurtosis and skewness estimated for the AE signals can be used to identify the crack size.
In this study we analyzed diet composition, niche breadth and overlap of the two leaf-litter frogs Ischnocnema henselii and Adenomera marmorata. Frogs were collected in an Atlantic Rainforest area in the Reserva Natural Salto Morato, in Paraná State, Southern Brazil, using plots of 16 m 2 established on forest floor. Ischnocnema henselii consumed 18 different types of prey and the diet of this species was composed predominantly by Hymenoptera (Formicidae) (15.4%), Araneae (13.83%), Orthoptera (6.15%) and Opiliones (6.15%), whereas Adenomera marmorata consumed 15 different types of prey and its diet was composed mainly by Hymenoptera (Formicidae) (45.7%), Acari (31.8%) and Blattodea (14.8%). The niche breadth of I. henselii was B A = 0.43 and that of A. marmorata was B A = 0.19. The diet of the two sympatric species of leaf-litter frogs was basically composed by arthropods and the trophic niche overlap among them did not differ from expected at random. The differences in prey consumption should potentially facilitate the coexistence of two sympatric frogs on the forest floor. Possibly, this difference of prey consumption partly reflects differences in jaw width, species-specific body size of the two species and the period of activity of these two species.Keywords: Anura, syntopy, species coexistence, Atlantic Rainforest.Viver no mesmo ambiente significa comer o mesmo alimento? Dieta e nicho trófico dos anuros simpátricos de folhiço Ischnocnema henselii e Adenomera marmorata em uma floresta do sul do Brasil ResumoNeste estudo analisamos a composição da dieta e a amplitude e sobreposição do nicho trófico dos anuros de folhiço Ischnocnema henselii e Adenomera marmorata. Os anuros foram coletados em uma área de Mata Atlântica na Reserva Natural Salto Morato, no Estado do Paraná, Sul do Brasil, utilizando o método de parcelas de 16 m 2 estabelecidas no chão da floresta. Ischnocnema henselii consumiu 18 diferentes tipos de presa e a dieta desta espécie foi composta predominantemente por Hymenoptera (Formicidae) (15,4%), Araneae (13,83%), Orthoptera (6,15%) e Opiliones (6,15%), enquanto Adenomera marmorata consumiu 15 diferentes tipos de presas e sua dieta foi composta principalmente por Hymenoptera (Formicidae) (45,7%), Acari (31,8%) e Blattodea (14,8%). A amplitude de nicho de I. henselii foi B A = 0,43 e de A.marmorata foi B A = 0,19. A dieta das duas espécies de anuros simpátricos do folhiço por nós estudadas foi composta basicamente de artrópodes e a sobreposição de nicho trófico entre elas não diferiu do esperado para ocorrer ao acaso. As diferenças no consumo de presas potencialmente devem facilitar a coexistência desses dois anuros simpátricos no chão da floresta. Possivelmente, esta diferença no consumo de presas em parte reflete diferenças na largura da mandíbula, no tamanho do corpo e no período de atividade dessas duas espécies.
The problem proposed by the Tecumseh company consists in applying the Topology Optimization (TO) methodology to improve the performance of an electromagnetic device. For convenience, this study focuses on modeling and developing numerical tools to optimize the core topology of an Electromagnetic Actuator (EA). The strategy is based on a TO framework that considers the magneto-static problem that governs the EA. The developed codes are written in Python and use the open-source library FEniCS to solve the Partial Differential Equations (PDEs), via the Finite Element Method (FEM), and the Method of Moving Asymptotes (MMA) algorithm as the optimizer.
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