This paper describes the analysis of the efficiency of regenerative braking of two electric vehicles operating in the Rotterdam area. The methodology of this research consists of a real time driving cycle measurement, measuring and modelling the battery pack and modelling the complete drive train of the vehicle. In the last phase, measurements on a rolling road Dyno test bench will be carried out in order to further verify simulation results and to improve the vehicle model.To analyze the efficiency of regenerative braking, we determined the ratio of brake energy and propulsion energy during the driving cycle, the efficiency of propelling the vehicle and the efficiency of converting brake energy into useful energy. The relative energy gain that can be obtained by regenerative braking is the product of these factors.Simulations show that the energy reduction of the vehicles under test can be more than 20% by applying regenerative braking.
Well to Wheel (WTW) efficiency is divided into Well to Tank (WTT) and Tank to Wheel (TTW). For ICE, WTT is much more efficient than TTW. For EV the opposite is the case. Over the whole WTW energy chain, only the best case for ICE is slightly more efficient than the worst case for EV. Although the TTWefficiency for ICE will still increase, due to Peak Oil, WTT-efficiency for ICE will decrease. If sustainable electricity supply grows, WTT-efficiency of EV will increase. Moreover, the TTW-efficiency for EV in urban traffic is still increasing, among others through more effective regenerative braking.
This paper reports on the application of electric automated vehicles in the city of Appelscha, The Netherlands. Appelscha is challenged with a predicted decline of inhabitants and an already shrinking public transport network. To preserve the region’s accessibility, the municipality started a pilot with electric automated vehicles. These vehicles drove on a separate cycle lane for six weeks in 2016. This pilot has shown that a pilot is possible, with little infrastructural changes. Even though the maximum speed of 15 km/h might suggest that automated vehicles are suitable to share the road with cyclists, the cycle lane in Appelscha was not sufficient due to the width of the cycle lane. No accidents occurred during the pilot.
Abstract:Trucks consume an enormous amount of diesel annually and contribute significantly to the total CO 2 emissions around the world. Electrification of these freight vehicles would lead to a reduction in fuel consumption and CO 2 emissions. Trailers, as part of heavy freight vehicles, are a great opportunity for innovative change. Electrifying the trailer would allow the combustion engine of the truck to cooperate with the electric motors in the trailer. The trailer would be able to regenerate energy using the electric motors built into the rear axis of the trailer. The energy that is regenerated could be stored in a battery power pack for later use. Using the principle of peak shaving, the combustion engine would be assisted by the active e-trailer. Peak shaving would occur when the calculated load on the combustion engine is highly above average, for example, during acceleration, climbing a hill, or during high speed. Energy from the power pack could be routed to the electric motors, adding propulsive force. This analysis of a fictive active e-trailer has focused on reducing fuel consumption and emissions. The energy consumption of the trailer and the energy regeneration were studied. For this analysis, two vehicle configurations were simulated within the MATLAB Simulink: one truck-trailer combination without the e-trailer application and one truck-trailer combination with the e-trailer application. Differences between the two simulated vehicle combinations have been analyzed and documented. The whole system would be self-sustaining by using the regenerating energy from braking and adjusting its assisting function according to the energy level of the power pack. However, better results would be achieved by charging the power pack periodically. By doing so, the reduction of fuel cost and emissions could be significantly improved.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.