La producción de plántulas de chile (Capsicum annuum L.) en almácigos es afectada por la enfermedad conocida como “damping off”. Su prevención se hace regularmente mediante fungicidas, cuyos efectos sobre los hongos causantes de esta enfermedad no son siempre efectivos, pero representan problemas de tipo ambiental. Ante esta situación, el control biológico adquiere mayor relevancia. En el presente trabajo se aislaron tres cepas de hongos fitopatógenos del género Fusarium spp. (FP, FN y FA; por los colores púrpura, naranja y amarillo, respectivamente). En cuanto a cepas bacterianas, se seleccionaron 18 cepas de rizobacterias (B), las cuales fueron confrontados in vitro con las tres cepas de Fusarium y una de Rhizotocnia (R). La cepa B23 fue la más eficiente en la inhibición del crecimiento de los fitopatógenos estudiados, al reducir el crecimiento de FP, FN y FA (50, 44 y 47%, respectivamente) y de R (56%); la producción de AIA varió entre 1.24 y 11.32 μg mL-1, la mayor solubilización de fosfato inorgánico (104 μg mL-1) se obtuvo con B8. Al evaluar el efecto de B7, B9, B15 y B23 sobre la supervivencia de plántulas de chile inoculadas con Fusarium sp. y Rhizotocnia sp., se observó que las cepas B7 y B23 son las que tuvieron mayor efecto sobre la supervivencia de las plántulas durante los primeros 34 días, con valores de entre 80 a 100%, mientras que las plántulas control fue de entre 30 y 50%. Por otra parte, las cepas B8 y B9 se identificaron molecularmente como Pseudomonas chlororaphis; B7 y B14 como Pseudomonas sp.; B15 como Pseudomonas protegens y B23 como Bacillus sp. Los resultados muestran la potencialidad del uso de bacterias como promotoras del crecimiento y agentes de biocontrol de hongos causantes del damping off en plántulas de chile tipo “guajillo”.
Natural products are in great demand because certain secondary metabolites (SMs) are sources of antioxidants, flavorings, active substances, or anticancer agents with less aggressiveness and selectivity, among which triterpenes and flavonoids are of importance because they inhibit carcinogenesis. For Sechium spp. P. Br. (chayotes), there is scientific evidence of antiproliferative activity that has occurred when cancer cell lines have been treated with this fruit. In order to compare future therapeutic designs and identify new and ancestral characteristics, triterpenes and flavonoids were determined in contrasting Sechium genotypes. The obtained data were analyzed via a cladistics approach, with the aim of identifying the characteristics and state of phytochemicals and genetic variables. The concentrations of flavonoids and triterpenes were determined, and a more complex composition of secondary metabolites was found in the wild types as compared to their domesticated genotypes. Bitter fruits contained a higher number of SMs, followed by those with a neutral and sweet flavor. A cladogram showed the differentiation of the three groups based on the flavor of the fruits. The diversity of SMs decreases in evolutionary terms, in response to domestication and environmental adaptation. Therefore, genotypes can be feasibly selected based on fruit flavor for gross-breeding, and cytotoxicity can be reduced without losing possible therapeutic effects.
Climate change has significant impacts on biodiversity and, particularly, on agriculture. In this study, the impact of climate change on five varietal groups of Sechium edule, up to the year 2050, was determined through the application of the HadGEM2-CC model based on bioclimate layers. The varietal groups, nigrum minor, albus dulcis and nigrum xalapensis, will lose more than 50 % of their potential current distribution due to a high impact in both the rcp 45 and the rcp 85 scenarios. These two varietal groups also have a limited distribution, which makes them highly susceptible. In the case of nigrum spinosum, a loss under 50 % is predicted with scenario rcp 45. The varietal group that increases its distribution in 11 % is virens levis. The model forecasts significant impacts up to the year 2050; however, the groups evaluated present high genetic diversity and phenotypic plasticity which allow adapting to new conditions that may contribute to mitigating the effects of climate change.
ABSTRACT:The link between information technology (IT) and organizational learning has been an important subject of study since the early 1990s. However, it is still not clear whether or not IT-enhanced organizational learning positively influences organizational performance. In this paper, we posit that the impact of IT on the performance of firms will differ depending on the main usage of the IT system: for exploration or for exploitation. Based on data of Chilean organizations, we found that there exists a positive impact of using IT for exploitation on organizational performance; and that the use of IT for exploration has a positive impact on organizational change. RESUMEN:La relación entre tecnologías de la información (TI) y aprendizaje organizacional ha sido un importante objeto de estudio desde principios de los años 1990. Sin embargo, todavía no está claro si el aprendizaje organizacional basado en TI influye positivamente en el desempeño organizacional. En este trabajo postulamos que el impacto de las TI en el desempeño de las firmas dependerá del uso principal de los sistemas de TI: según sea para explotación o para exploración. A partir de datos recolectados en organizaciones chilenas, encontramos que el uso de TI para explotación impacta positivamente en el desempeño de la organización, y que el uso de TI para exploración impacta positivamente en el cambio organizacional.
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