The main characteristic of biosurfactants is their property of reducing the superficial and interfacial tension between two immiscible liquids of different polarities. The main obstacle to the application of biosurfactants is the high production costs, the use of alternative substrates being indicated to solve this problem. This work report the production of biosurfactant by Bacillus subtilis LB5a on a pilot scale using cassava wastewater as the substrate, and the study of the parameters related to its production. The cassava wastewater was heated, centrifuged and poured into a 40-liter batch pilot bioreactor adapted for simultaneous foam collection during the fermentative process. The temperature was maintained at 35 degrees C, agitation at 150 rpm and aeration 0.38 vvm during the first 12 h, and 0.63 vvm for the rest of the process. Samples of liquid fermentate were collected at regular intervals for the analysis of total carbohydrates, reducing sugars, pH, CFU/mL count and superficial tension. The foam was centrifuged and the biosurfactant purified. The kinetic data of the process showed that both the microbial population, which reached a maximum after about 24 h, and the foam production of 10.6 L, peaked between 24 and 36 h, coinciding with the greatest production of biosurfactant. The yield of semi-purified surfactant in the foam was 2.4 g/L. The superficial tension of the medium was reduced from 51 to 27 mN/m and the critical micellar concentration was 11 mg/L, which, in principle, characterizes it as a good tensoactive agent. As a function of its composition and productivity, cassava wastewater was identified as a good substrate for the production of the biosurfactant.
R-(+)-limonene is an abundant and non-expensive by-product of the citrus industry and is, therefore, a suitable starting material for the production of natural flavor and fragrance compounds. The biotransformation of R-(+)-limonene to R-(+)-alpha-terpineol by Fusarium oxysporum 152b has already been reported, although the influence of the main process parameters on the production has not yet been evaluated. In this paper, a Plackett-Burman screening design was used to define the effects of the medium composition (glucose, peptone, yeast extract, malt extract and pH), the presence of a co-substrate (biosurfactant), the cultivation conditions (temperature, agitation), the substrate concentration and the inoculum/culture medium ratio on the absolute amount of R-(+)-alpha-terpineol resulting from this biotransformation. The process conditions were further optimized applying response surface methodology (RSM). The volatiles were extracted using a SPME device and were subsequently quantified by GC-FID and identified by GC-MS. The best results were obtained using 0.5% (v/m) R-(+)-limonene in pure distilled water as the culture medium with an inoculum/culture medium ratio of 0.25 (m/m) and 72 h cultivation at 26 degrees C/240 rpm. Under these conditions the concentration of R-(+)-alpha-terpineol in the culture medium reached 2.4 g L(-1), a production almost six times greater than in earlier trials. The presence of a biosurfactant (0-500 mg L(-1)) did not significantly increase the yield.
Recebido em 11/11/05; aceito em 31/5/06; publicado na web em 19/1/07 SURFACTIN: CHEMICAL, TECHNOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES FOR FOOD APPLICATIONS. Surfactin, a lipopeptide produced by strains of Bacillus subtilis, has been proved to be a suitable biosurfactant in several applications. For many years, it has been investigated mainly for oil recovery and environmental usage. Its chemical, technological and functional characteristics turn surfactin into an attractive compound for several utilizations. In this review we emphasize some aspects of surfactin as a new food ingredient and its potential pharmaceutical and health applications.Keywords: surfactin; food ingredients; pharmaceutical applications. INTRODUÇÃOSurfactante é uma palavra derivada da contração da expressão "surface active agent", termo que significa, literalmente, agente de atividade superficial. Em outras palavras, surfactante é um composto caracterizado pela capacidade de alterar as propriedades superficiais e interfaciais de um líquido 1,2 . O termo interface denota o limite entre duas fases imiscíveis, enquanto o termo superfície indica que uma das fases é gasosa 1 . Outra propriedade fundamental dos surfactantes é a tendência de formar agregados chamados micelas que, geralmente, se formam a baixas concentrações em água. A concentração mínima na qual se inicia a formação de micelas chama-se concentração micelar crítica (CMC), sendo uma importante característica de um surfactante 1 . Estas propriedades tornam os surfactantes adequados para uma ampla gama de aplicações industriais envolvendo: detergência, emulsificação, lubrificação, capacidade espumante, capacidade molhante, solubilização e dispersão de fases 3 .A produção mundial de surfactantes excede 3 milhões de t/ano sendo que sua utilização se concentra nas indústrias de petróleo, de cosméticos, de produtos de higiene e de limpeza 3 , sendo que este último é o setor que utiliza a maior parte dos surfactantes produzidos como matéria-prima para fabricação de detergentes de uso doméstico 4 .A grande maioria dos surfactantes disponíveis comercialmente é sintetizada a partir de derivados de petróleo. Entretanto, o aumento da preocupação ambiental entre os consumidores, combinado com novas legislações de controle do meio ambiente levou à procura por surfactantes naturais como alternativa aos produtos existentes 4 .Compostos de origem microbiana que exibem atividade superficial são denominados biossurfactantes, consistindo em subprodutos de seus respectivos sistemas metabólicos 5 . Nas últimas décadas, diversos microrganismos têm sido relatados como produtores de vários tipos de surfactantes. A biodegradabilidade 6,7 e baixa toxicidade dos biossurfactantes constituem vantagens adicionais sobre os ingredientes sintéticos e, conseqüentemente, tornam-se substitutos dos emulsificantes convencionais em alimentos e cosméticos 6 , originando maior apelo de mercado pelo fato desses produtos serem considerados naturais, além de apropriados para aplicação ambiental 7 .As bactérias, juntamente com as ar...
a b s t r a c tFlavor is one of the main attributes of foods and is given by a combination of volatile molecules present in the matrix. This paper reviews the general characteristics and uses and focuses on the volatile composition of selected Brazilian exotic fruits: Brazilian cherry (Eugenia uniflora), acerola (Malpighia glabra L., Malpighia punicifolia L., Malpighia emarginata DC.), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), starfruit (Averrhoa carambola) and fruits from the genera Annona (cherimoya, soursop, sugar apple etc.) and fruits from the genera Spondias (S. purpurea, S. mombin and S. tuberosa). This is information important for flavor industry, which use different aroma compounds for the formulation of fragrances and flavorings to be used in foods, cosmetics and perfumes.
). Entre os biossurfactantes mais efetivos estão os lipopeptídios produzidos por bactérias do gênero Bacillus, especialmente os produzidos pelo Bacillus subtilis (BOGNOLO, 1999).A grande maioria dos surfactantes disponíveis comercialmente é produzida a partir de derivados de petróleo. É AbstractDue to the high surface activity, low toxicity, and biodegradability lipopeptides produced by bacteria of the genus Bacillus are among the best biosurfactants known and studied. These compounds are mentioned as potential inputs for various industrial sectors. However, to allow their implementation in industrial processes, it is necessary stability under extreme conditions often associated with of such processes and the maintenance of their properties. The aim of this work was to study the stability of the biosurfactant produced by Bacillus subtilis strain LB5a grown in cassava wastewater in a pilot process. Stability studies were carried out by varying the temperature, pH, and salt (NaCl) concentration. Another study was the evaluation of their emulsifying index in mixtures of water with hydrocarbons and vegetable oils as well as the stability of the emulsions formed. The results showed that the biosurfactant was stable under all combination of temperature and time tested: 100 °C for 140 minutes and 121 °C for up to 60 minutes. It was also stable in concentrations of NaCl from 2.5 to 20%, and pH from 6 to 10. The biosurfactant showed higher values of emulsion index at 24 hours (EI 24 ) to various cyclical and aliphatic hydrocarbons when compared with SDS. The vegetable oils emulsions were stable despite the fact that the profiles of fatty acid chain in the oils were different. All results described characterize these compounds as potential emulsifiers for different industrial applications. Keywords: biosurfactant; cassava wastewater; Bacillus subtilis; emulsification index. ResumoDevido ao elevado poder tensoativo, baixa toxidez e biodegradabilidade, os lipopeptídios produzidos por bactérias do gênero Bacillus estão entre os biossurfactantes mais conhecidos e estudados. Estes compostos são apontados como potenciais insumos para diversos setores industriais, inclusive o de alimentos. Para que seja possível sua aplicação industrial, no entanto, é necessário que estes compostos apresentem estabilidade e manutenção de suas propriedades em condições extremas, que estão freqüentemente associadas a esses processos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a estabilidade do biossurfactante produzido pela linhagem LB5a de Bacillus subtilis, cultivado em manipueira (resíduo da industrialização da mandioca) em um processo piloto. Os estudos de estabilidade foram realizados em função da variação de temperatura, pH e concentração salina. Foram realizadas avaliações da sua capacidade emulsificante em misturas de água com hidrocarbonetos e óleos vegetais, bem como a estabilidade das emulsões formadas. Os resultados mostraram que o biossurfactante foi estável à temperatura de 100 °C por 140 minutos e a 121 °C por até 60 minutos, à concentra...
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