Objective To describe the endoscopic and microsurgical anatomy of the cavernous sinus (CS) with focus on the surgical landmarks in microsurgical anatomy. Materials and methods Ten formalin-fixed central skull base specimens (20 CSs) with silicone-injected carotid arteries were examined through an extended endoscopic transsphenoidal approach. Fifteen formalin-fixed heads were dissected to simulate the surgical position in CS approaches. Results Endoscopic access enables identification of the anterior and posterior surgical corridors. Structures within the CS and on its lateral wall could be visualized and studied, but none of the triangular areas relevant to the transcranial microsurgical anatomy were fully visible through the endoscopic approach. Conclusion The endoscopic approach to the CS is an important surgical technique for the treatment of pathological conditions that affect this region. Correlating endoscopic findings with the conventional (transcranial) microsurgical anatomy is a useful way of applying the established knowledge into a more recent operative technique. Endoscope can provide access to the CS and to the structures it harbors.
O seio cavernoso é uma das regiões mais complexas do corpo humano e pode ser acometido por diversas patologias. Atualmente, diversos tipos de tratamento podem ser usados para tratar doenças nesta região, porém o conhecimento anatômico ainda é fundamental para estabelecer o melhor manejo. Nosso objetivo é apresentar a anatomia microcirúrgica do seio cavernoso, as abordagens cirúrgicas (incluindo a abordagem endonasal endoscópica), a correlação radiológica desta anatomia, bem como uma série inicial de casos. As fotos são apresentadas pelo método convencional e anaglífico estereoscópico. São descritas as estruturas neurovasculares do seio cavernoso bem como suas relações ósseas e durais, as paredes e os triângulosda base do crânio relacionados ao seio cavernoso. As abordagens crânio-órbito zigomática, transpetrosa, zigomática e endonasal endoscópica são apresentadas, sendo as estruturas anatômicas identificadas também nos exames de imagem. Casos ilustrativos ilustram esta anatomia.
Background: The best treatment for insular gliomas is surgical resection. The surgical treatment complexity of these lesions is due to the anatomy of the insula, and its proximity to functional cortical and subcortical structures, and to vascular structures. Efforts to preserve the integrity of these structures based exclusively on microsurgical anatomy do not guarantee that the patient will not present motor or language deficit in the postoperative period. Objectives: To present seven rules to achieve greater therapeutic success, aiming at increasing disease-free survival and the patient’s quality of life. Methods: Review article based on the senior author experience in insular microsurgical anatomy dissections, and 45 microsurgeries for insular gliomas, performed between 2006 and 2018. Results: There are 4 anatomical rules (fronto-orbital branch of the facial nerve, insular cortex, sylvian fissure and lenticulostriate arteries) and 3 functional rules (cortical mapping, subcortical mapping and internal capsule). Conclusions: Primarily, one must have a great anatomical domain and expertise in neurophysiological monitoring to obtain satisfactory results in the surgery of insular gliomas.
Objective This article is divided into three parts. In the second part of this review, the authors focus on describing the endolymphatic sac tumor and presenting illustrative cases. Methods A review of previous studies, from 1957 to 2021, from basic and translational research using human and animal endolymphatic sac (ES) tissue or cells, as well as other reviews on this theme. Results The ES is an inner ear structure, which is responsible for the homeostatic regulation, as well as endolymphatic fluid volume control, immune response etc. One of the possible alterations of the ES is the ELST, a low-grade malign neoplasm that originates from the epithelium of the endolymphatic duct and sac. The clinical presentation of the ELST includes hearing loss, tinnitus, headache, and vertigo. The diagnosis in the early stages is rare, given that this group of symptoms is very similar to other, more common, diseases such as the Meniere syndrome. Its diagnosis is made by computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), immunohistochemistry, and confirmed by histopathology. However, none of these examinations are part of the pathological guidelines for ELST. The treatment for ELST in the early stages has a high rate of success. Conclusion The ELST is a very difficult diagnosis due to its presentation. Furthermore, the interactions between ELST and the Von Hippel-Lindau disease usually result in a more aggressive condition. Despite the difficulty of the diagnosis, doing it early increases the chances of successful treatment.
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