Cellular structures like honeycombs or reticulated micro-frames are widely used in sandwich construction because of their superior structural static and dynamic properties. The aim of this study is to evaluate the dynamic behavior of two-dimensional cellular structures, with the focus on the effect of the geometry of unit cells on the dynamics of the propagation of elastic waves within the structure.The characteristics of wave propagation for the considered class of cellular solids are analyzed through the finite element model of the unit cell and the application of the theory of periodic structures. This combined analysis yields the phase constant surfaces, which define the directions of waves propagating in the plane of the structure for the assigned frequency values. The analysis of iso-frequency contour lines in the phase constant surfaces allows the prediction of the location and extension of angular ranges, and therefore regions within the structures where waves do not propagate.The performance of honeycomb grids of regular hexagonal topology is compared with that of grids of various geometries, with the emphasis on configurations featuring a negative Poisson's ratio behavior. The harmonic response of the considered structures at specified frequencies confirms the predictions from the analysis of the phase constant surfaces and demonstrates the strongly spatially-dependent characteristics of periodic cellular structures.The numerical results presented indicate the potentials of the phase constant surfaces as tools for the evaluation of the wave propagation characteristics of this class of two-dimensional periodic structures. Optimal design configurations can be identified in order to achieve the desired transmissibility levels in specified directions and to obtain efficient vibration isolation capabilities. The findings from the presented investigations and the described analysis methodology will provide invaluable guidelines for the prototyping of future concepts of honeycombs or cellular structures with enhanced vibro-acoustics performance.
The flow structure and turbulence around the leading and trailing edges of a rotor blade operating downstream of a row of inlet guide vanes (IGV) are investigated experimentally. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements are performed in a refractive index matched facility that provides unobstructed view of the entire flow field. Data obtained at several rotor blade phases focus on modification to the flow structure and turbulence in the IGV wake as it propagates along the blade. The phase-averaged velocity distributions demonstrate that wake impingement significantly modifies the wall-parallel velocity component and its gradients along the blade. Due to spatially non-uniform velocity distribution, especially on the suction side, the wake deforms while propagating along the blade, expanding near the leading edge and shrinking near the trailing edge. While being exposed to the nonuniform strain field within the rotor passage, the turbulence within the IGV wake becomes spatially nonuniform and highly anisotropic. Several mechanisms, which are consistent with rapid distortion theory (RDT) and distribution of turbulence production rate, contribute to the observed trends. For example, streamwise (in rotor frame reference) diffusion in the aft part of the rotor passage enhances the streamwise fluctuations. Compression also enhances the turbulence production very near the leading edge. However, along the suction side, rapid changes to the direction of compression and extension cause negative production. The so-called wall blockage effect reduces the wall-normal component.
This paper examines the response of a rotor blade boundary layer and a rotor near-wake to an impinging wake of an inlet guide vane (IGV) located upstream of the rotor blade. Two-dimensional particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements are performed in a refractive index matched turbomachinery facility that provides unobstructed view of the entire flow field. Data obtained at several rotor phases enable us to examine the IGV-wake-induced changes to the structure of the boundary layer and how these changes affect the flow and turbulence within the rotor near-wake. We focus on the suction surface boundary layer, near the blade trailing edge, but analyze the evolution of both the pressure and suction sides of the near-wake. During the IGV-wake impingement, the boundary layer becomes significantly thinner, with lower momentum thickness and more stable profile compared with other phases at the same location. Analysis of available terms in the integral momentum equation indicates that the phase-averaged unsteady term is the main contributor to the decrease in momentum thickness within the impinging wake. Thinning of the boundary/shear layer extends into the rotor near-wake, making it narrower and increasing the phase-averaged shear velocity gradients and associated turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) production rate. Consequently, the TKE increases during wake thinning, with as much as 75% phase-dependent variations in its peak magnitude. This paper introduces a new way of looking at the PIV data by defining a wake-oriented coordinate system, which enables to study the structure of turbulence around the trailing edge in great detail.
Recent upgrades to the turbomachinery facility at JHU enable measurements of performance, as well as flow structure, turbulence and cavitation within a water-jet pump. The rotor, stator and pump casing in this optically index-matched facility are made of acrylic that has the same optical index of refraction as the working fluid, a concentrated solution of NaI in water. The essentially “invisible” blades allow unobstructed view and access to optical flow measurement techniques. Initial tests in water focus on observations on occurrence of cavitation in the vicinity of the narrow tip-gap. For the present design and operating conditions, near the leading edge, cavitation in the tip corner of the pressure side causes accumulation of bubbles along the pressure side that extends to mid blade. As rollup of a tip vortex starts, these bubbles cross the tip gap to the suction side, and become primary nuclei for cavitation inception within the tip leakage vortex (TLV). Bursting of this tip vortex as it migrates towards the pressure side of the neighboring blade generates a cloud of bubbles along the aft section of the passage. As the flow in the tip gap increases upstream of the trailing edge, cavitation also develops within the gap, along the pressure side corner.
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